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Related Concept Videos

In vitro Mutagenesis01:16

In vitro Mutagenesis

To learn more about the function of a gene, researchers can observe what happens when the gene is inactivated or “knocked out,” by creating genetically engineered knockout animals. Knockout mice have been particularly useful as models for human diseases such as cancer, Parkinson’s disease, and diabetes.
In-vitro Mutagenesis01:16

In-vitro Mutagenesis

To learn more about the function of a gene, researchers can observe what happens when the gene is inactivated or “knocked out,” by creating genetically engineered knockout animals. Knockout mice have been particularly useful as models for human diseases such as cancer, Parkinson’s disease, and diabetes.
Mutagenicity and Carcinogenicity01:25

Mutagenicity and Carcinogenicity

Mutagenicity and carcinogenicity refer to the ability of drugs to cause genetic defects and induce cancer, respectively. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classifies agents into four groups based on their carcinogenic potential. Group 1 agents are known human carcinogens; group 2A agents are probably carcinogenic to humans; group 3 agents lack data to support their role in carcinogenesis; and group 4 includes agents for which data support that they are not likely to be...
Spontaneous and Induced Mutations01:30

Spontaneous and Induced Mutations

Spontaneous mutations arise infrequently during DNA replication due to errors in the process. A key factor behind these errors is tautomeric shifts in nitrogenous bases, where bases transition from keto to enol forms or amino to imino forms. This shift can alter base-pairing rules, leading to mutations. Additionally, reactive oxygen species (ROS) arising from aerobic metabolism can damage DNA, resulting in depurination (loss of a purine base) or depyrimidination (loss of a pyrimidine base).
Mutations in Microorganisms01:18

Mutations in Microorganisms

Mutations are heritable changes in an organism’s genome involving alterations in the base sequence of DNA or RNA. These changes can influence cellular processes and phenotypic traits, potentially transforming the unaltered wild type into a mutant form. Such changes, termed forward mutations, are pivotal in shaping the genetic diversity of organisms.RNA viruses exhibit the highest mutation rates due to the absence of robust proofreading mechanisms during genome replication. In contrast,...
Mismatch Repair01:20

Mismatch Repair

Organisms are capable of detecting and fixing nucleotide mismatches that occur during DNA replication. This sophisticated process requires identifying the new strand and replacing the erroneous bases with correct nucleotides. Mismatch repair is coordinated by many proteins in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
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Site-Directed Mutagenesis for In Vitro and In Vivo Experiments Exemplified with RNA Interactions in Escherichia Coli
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Mutagenesis.

J L Durand1

  • 1University of Paris, Orsay, France.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
|March 11, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers utilize plant cell and protoplast cultures to discover selectable markers for genetic studies. While nuclear and chloroplast mutations are known, mitochondrial selectable mutations in plants remain undiscovered.

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Area of Science:

  • Plant Biology
  • Genetics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Mutants are essential tools in biological research.
  • Plant cell suspension and protoplast culture techniques facilitate the isolation of selectable markers.
  • Classical methods using whole plants have limitations in identifying certain mutations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the application of cell and protoplast culture for isolating selectable markers.
  • To highlight the types of mutations characterized, focusing on selectable markers.
  • To identify gaps in the characterization of selectable mutations in plant genomes.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on plant cell and protoplast culture.
  • Analysis of characterized selectable markers in plant genetics.
  • Comparison of selectable markers across different plant genomes (nuclear, chloroplast, mitochondrial).

Main Results:

  • Cell and protoplast culture methods have been successfully applied to isolate selectable markers.
  • Primarily nuclear-coded mutations have been identified as selectable markers.
  • Notable exceptions include chloroplast-encoded streptomycin and lincomycin resistance mutations.
  • No selectable mutations have been identified in the mitochondrial genome of higher plants.

Conclusions:

  • Plant cell and protoplast culture are powerful techniques for generating selectable markers.
  • Further research is needed to explore mitochondrial selectable mutations in plants.
  • The characterization of diverse selectable markers enhances genetic and molecular biology studies.