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Related Concept Videos

Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists01:24

Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists

Incretins include glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), which stimulate insulin secretion post-meals. In type 2 diabetes, GIP's efficacy is reduced, making GLP-1 a viable drug target. GIP originates from preproGIP.
GLP-1, when administered in high doses intravenously, triggers insulin secretion, inhibits glucagon release, slows gastric emptying, reduces food intake, and restores normal insulin secretion. However, its rapid inactivation by the...
Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Inhibitors01:23

Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Inhibitors

Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) is a serine protease widely distributed in the body. It's involved in the inactivation of GLP-1 and GIP hormones, which are crucial for insulin regulation. DPP-4 inhibitors, such as sitagliptin (Januvia), saxagliptin (Onglyza), linagliptin (Tradjenta), alogliptin (Nesina), and vildagliptin (Galvus), help increase the proportion of active GLP-1, enhancing insulin secretion. These inhibitors work by competitively binding to DPP-4. This binding causes a significant...
Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Glinides01:06

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Glinides

Repaglinide (Prandin) and Nateglinide (Starlix), known as glinides, are oral insulin secretagogues that stimulate insulin release from pancreatic β cells by closing the ATP-sensitive potassium channels (KATP channel). Repaglinide controls insulin release from pancreatic β cells by managing potassium efflux. It shares two binding sites with sulfonylureas and also has a unique site, indicating overlapping mechanisms of action. With a rapid onset and a 4-7 hour duration, it effectively manages...
Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Biguanides and Glitazones01:26

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Biguanides and Glitazones

Biguanides, particularly metformin (Glucophage), are insulin sensitizers that enhance glucose uptake, thereby reducing insulin resistance. Unlike sulfonylureas, metformin doesn't prompt insulin secretion, which helps to curb hypoglycemia risk. Metformin is beneficial in treating conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome due to its insulin-resistance reduction capability. The drug's primary action involves curtailing hepatic gluconeogenesis, a significant contributor to high blood glucose levels...
Drugs for Treatment of Diarrhea-Predominant IBS01:17

Drugs for Treatment of Diarrhea-Predominant IBS

Diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D) is a subtype of IBS characterized primarily by frequent, loose, or watery stools, abdominal pain, and abdominal discomfort. Therapeutic approaches to managing IBS-D include dietary changes, stress management techniques, and pharmaceutical interventions.
Two specific drugs used in the treatment are alosetron (Lotronex) and eluxadoline (Viberzi). Alosetron, a 5-HT3 antagonist, works by slowing the movement of stools in the gut, reducing bowel...
Drugs for Treatment of Constipation-Predominant IBS01:21

Drugs for Treatment of Constipation-Predominant IBS

Pharmacological therapies for IBS-C are designed to alleviate abdominal discomfort and enhance bowel function. In patients with IBS-C, fiber supplements may help soften stools and decrease straining, but may also lead to increased gas production and bloating. Osmotic laxatives like milk of magnesia are frequently used to soften stools and increase stool frequency in IBS-C patients. In addition, two drugs approved for use in severe IBS-C adult cases are linaclotide (Linzess) and lubiprostone...

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Related Experiment Videos

Lixisenatide for type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Mikkel Christensen1, Filip K Knop, Tina Vilsbøll

  • 1University of Copenhagen, Gentofte Hospital, Diabetes Research Division, Department of Internal Medicine F, Hellerup, Denmark. mch@dadlnet.dk

Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs
|March 12, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Lixisenatide shows efficacy and safety for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) treatment. Further research is needed to confirm its benefits with various antidiabetic treatments and its unique properties compared to other glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists.

Related Experiment Videos

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) presents a growing global health challenge.
  • Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists represent a key therapeutic class for T2DM.
  • Lixisenatide is an investigational GLP-1 receptor agonist for daily T2DM management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review evidence on lixisenatide for T2DM treatment.
  • To summarize and critically appraise available data and ongoing clinical development.
  • To compare lixisenatide with existing GLP-1 receptor agonists.

Main Methods:

  • Review of pharmacological, preclinical, and clinical evidence up to November 2010.
  • Critical appraisal and comparison of lixisenatide data with competitor drugs.
  • Inclusion of relevant published papers and meeting abstracts.

Main Results:

  • Lixisenatide demonstrates efficacy and safety in T2DM monotherapy and combination with metformin.
  • Limited data exist for the intended 20 μg once-daily subcutaneous dose in various add-on therapies.
  • The distinct chemical properties and short duration of action of lixisenatide warrant further investigation.

Conclusions:

  • Lixisenatide is effective and safe as monotherapy and with metformin in T2DM.
  • Further evaluation is required for lixisenatide as an add-on therapy with different antidiabetic agents.
  • The unique characteristics of lixisenatide may offer advantages or disadvantages in specific treatment combinations, such as with long-acting insulin.