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Delivery Pathways to the Lysosome

Delivery Pathways to the Lysosome

Eukaryotic cells use different mechanisms to eliminate toxic waste obsolete and worn-out substances. Lysosomes play a pivotal role in this, and hence, these substances are carried to the lysosome from other parts of the cell and extracellular space through different pathways. The most elaborately studied pathways to the lysosome are the endocytic pathways.
Endocytosis
In endocytosis, the cell membrane takes up macromolecules and particles from the surrounding medium. Clathrin-mediated...

The Early Endosome: Endocytosis of Transferrin

The Early Endosome: Endocytosis of Transferrin

Essential proteins such as insulin or low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and micronutrients such as iron enter a eukaryotic cell through receptor-mediated endocytosis. Subsequently, the early endosomes fuse with the vesicles containing such receptor-ligand complexes and play a vital role in sorting the incoming ligands and receptors. While the ligands are either degraded inside the vesicle or released into the cytosol, their receptors are returned to the plasma membrane for further rounds of...

Lysosomal Hydrolases

Lysosomal Hydrolases

Lysosomes are the site for the degradation of macromolecules and biological polymers released during membrane trafficking events such as secretory, endocytic, autophagic, and phagocytic pathways. The membrane-enclosed area of the lysosome, called the lumen, contains hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment. These acid hydrolases are functional at a pH between 4.5 and 5 and are involved in cellular processes such as cell signaling, energy metabolism, restoration of the plasma membrane,...

Receptor-mediated Endocytosis

Receptor-mediated Endocytosis

Receptor-mediated Endocytosis

Receptor-mediated Endocytosis

Receptor-mediated endocytosis is when bulk amounts of specific molecules are imported into a cell after binding to cell surface receptors. The molecules bound to these receptors are taken into the cell through inward folding of the cell surface membrane, which is eventually pinched off into a vesicle within the cell. Structural proteins, such as clathrin, coat the budding vesicle.
Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis of LDL
One well-characterized example of receptor-mediated endocytosis is the...

Lysosomes

Lysosomes

Lysosomes are membrane-enclosed spherical sacs derived from the Golgi apparatus. The most important function of the lysosome is degrading macromolecules and biological polymers that are released during membrane trafficking events such as the secretory, endocytic, autophagic, and phagocytic pathways. The degradation is carried out by several hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment of the lysosomal lumen. These acid hydrolases are involved in cellular processes such as cell signaling,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Characterization of Neuronal Lysosome Interactome with Proximity Labeling Proteomics

Characterization of Neuronal Lysosome Interactome with Proximity Labeling Proteomics

Published on: June 23, 2022

Lysosomal positioning coordinates cellular nutrient responses.

Viktor I Korolchuk¹, Shinji Saiki, Maike Lichtenberg

¹Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Genetics, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK.

Nature Cell Biology

|March 12, 2011

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Cellular nutrient levels control mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and autophagy through lysosome positioning. Lysosome movement coordinates nutrient signaling, mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) activity, and autophagic flux.

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Multicolor Flow Cytometry-based Quantification of Mitochondria and Lysosomes in T Cells

Multicolor Flow Cytometry-based Quantification of Mitochondria and Lysosomes in T Cells

Published on: January 9, 2019

Area of Science:

Cell Biology
Molecular Biology
Biochemistry

Background:

Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling and macroautophagy (autophagy) are critical cellular processes.
These pathways regulate cellular responses to nutrient availability but their regulatory mechanisms are not fully understood.
Lysosomes play key roles in both mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling activation and autophagic substrate degradation.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the role of lysosomal positioning in coordinating cellular anabolic and catabolic responses.
To elucidate how lysosomal dynamics integrate nutrient availability with mTORC1 signaling and autophagy.

Main Methods:

Observational studies of lysosome dynamics in response to nutrient changes.
Analysis of mTORC1 signaling localization and activity.
Assessment of autophagosome formation and autophagic flux.

Main Results:

Nutrient availability correlates with mTORC1 localization on peripheral lysosomes.
Starvation induces perinuclear lysosome clustering, regulated by intracellular pH.
Lysosomal positioning influences mTORC1 signaling, autophagosome formation, and autophagosome-lysosome fusion rates.
Lysosome positioning acts at both initiation and termination stages of autophagy.

Conclusions:

Lysosomal positioning is a key regulator coordinating mTORC1 signaling and autophagic flux.
Dynamic lysosome positioning provides a mechanism for cells to adapt to changing nutrient conditions.
This study reveals a novel physiological role for lysosome dynamics in cellular metabolism.