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Hypoglycemia and Glucagon

Hypoglycemia and Glucagon

Without prolonged fasting, healthy individuals maintain blood glucose levels above 3.5 mM due to a well-adapted neuroendocrine counterregulatory system that effectively prevents acute hypoglycemia, a potentially life-threatening condition. The primary clinical scenarios for hypoglycemia encompass diabetes treatment, inappropriate production of endogenous insulin or insulin-like substances by tumors, and the use of glucose-lowering agents in non-diabetic individuals. Notably, hypoglycemia in the...

Hypoglycemia

Hypoglycemia

Hypoglycemia is a blood glucose level below 70 mg/dL. It commonly occurs in individuals using insulin or insulin-secreting drugs, but may also arise in non-diabetic conditions. People with type 1 diabetes are at the highest risk because they depend on exogenous insulin. People with type 2 diabetes are also at risk, especially when treated with insulin or medications such as sulfonylureas, which increase insulin release regardless of blood glucose levels. It develops when insulin levels exceed...

Hyperglycemia

Hyperglycemia

Hyperglycemia is an abnormally high blood glucose level. It is diagnosed by fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dL, 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test (or OGTT) ≥200 mg/dL, random glucose ≥200 mg/dL with symptoms, or HbA1c ≥6.5%. However, HbA1c results may be unreliable in certain conditions, such as anemia or hemoglobinopathies, and the diagnosis should be confirmed unless classic symptoms are present. Postprandial hyperglycemia is typically considered significant when glucose levels exceed 180 mg/dL two...

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: α-Glucosidase Inhibitors

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: α-Glucosidase Inhibitors

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Acarbose and miglitol are typically...

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...

Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications

Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications

For most patients, experiencing several weeks of polyuria, polydipsia, fatigue, and significant weight loss may indicate the presence of diabetes. Furthermore, adults displaying the phenotypic appearance of type 2 diabetes (particularly those who are obese and not initially insulin-requiring), may have islet cell autoantibodies, suggesting autoimmune-mediated β cell destruction and a diagnosis of latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA). The categorization of glucose homeostasis is based on...

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Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital

Published on: June 11, 2012

Depression and glycemic intake in the homebound elderly.

D Mkaya Mwamburi¹, Elizabeth Liebson, Marshal Folstein

¹Department of Public Health and Family Medicine, Tufts University, United States.

Journal of Affective Disorders

|March 15, 2011

Summary

Elderly individuals with depression show higher glycemic intake and insulin levels. Antidepressant use in depressed elders was linked to lower glycemic index and load, suggesting a potential modification of the depression-diabetes link.

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Last Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital

Published on: June 11, 2012

Area of Science:

Gerontology
Endocrinology
Psychiatry

Background:

Depression is linked to increased type 2 diabetes risk, but underlying mechanisms require elucidation.
Investigating the relationship between depression and glycemic intake in the elderly is crucial for understanding this association.
The potential modifying role of antidepressant use in this relationship warrants examination.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the association between depression and glycemic intake in homebound elderly individuals.
To determine if antidepressant use influences the relationship between depression and glycemic parameters.
To explore the connection between depression, glycemic index, glycemic load, and insulin levels in older adults.

Main Methods:

A cross-sectional study involving 976 homebound elders.
Depression was assessed using the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) scale (score ≥16).
Measurements included glycemic index (GI), glycemic load (GL), and fasting blood insulin levels; antidepressant use was documented.

Main Results:

Depressed elders exhibited slightly higher GI and elevated fasting insulin levels compared to non-depressed individuals.
Elderly individuals with depression using antidepressants (primarily SSRIs) showed lower GI and GL than those not on antidepressants.
Multivariable analysis confirmed a positive association between GI and depression (P=0.02), and GL and depression (P=0.05), while GL was negatively associated with antidepressant use (P=0.003).

Conclusions:

High glycemic intake may be a mediating factor in the relationship between late-life depression and type 2 diabetes risk.
Further prospective studies are necessary to confirm the role of glycemic intake in this pathway.
Antidepressant use may influence glycemic parameters in depressed elderly individuals.