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Related Concept Videos

Menopause01:28

Menopause

Menopause, a natural biological process marking the end of a woman's fertility, typically occurs between the fifth and sixth decade of life. This phase is characterized by the exhaustion of the ovarian follicle pool, leading to less responsive ovaries despite the high levels of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH). The consequential decrease in estrogen production results in symptoms like hot flashes, heavy sweating, headaches, hair loss, muscle pains, vaginal...
Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle01:22

Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle

The ovarian cycle regulates endometrial changes throughout a single menstrual cycle via the coordinated action of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and gonadotrophins.
At puberty, GnRH begins a pulsatile release pattern, which triggers the anterior pituitary gland to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). The frequency and amplitude of GnRH pulses vary across the menstrual cycle, with faster pulses favoring LH release and slower pulses favoring FSH release.
Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle01:30

Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle

The ovarian cycle is meticulously regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. This cycle orchestrates the release of a mature oocyte, essential for reproduction.
Before puberty, the hypothalamus releases GnRH in a low frequency, low amplitude pulsatile manner. This along with the immature hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis activity, results in low estrogen levels and the absence of a fully functional ovarian cycle.  At puberty, GnRH secretion increases in both frequency and...
Proliferative Phase01:20

Proliferative Phase

The proliferative phase typically occurs after menstruation and lasts between 6 to 13 days in a standard 28-day cycle. This phase involves the reconstruction of the endometrium, guided by estrogen produced by the developing ovarian follicle.
Notably, the stratum basale, the basal layer of the endometrium, including the basal parts of the uterine glands, remains unaffected by menstruation. Stem cells in this layer undergo mitosis, regenerating the stratum functionalis and thickening the...
Disorders of the Female Reproductive System01:24

Disorders of the Female Reproductive System

The female reproductive system can be affected by several disorders, including Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS), Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD), endometriosis, and various forms of cancer. PMS and PMDD are cyclical conditions that cause physical and emotional distress, with symptoms that include edema, mood swings, and food cravings. PMDD is a more severe form of PMS characterized by increased symptom severity that peaks during the luteal phase and tends to improve or resolve shortly after...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 3, 2026

An In Vivo Estrogen Deficiency Mouse Model for Screening Exogenous Estrogen Treatments of Cardiovascular Dysfunction After Menopause
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An In Vivo Estrogen Deficiency Mouse Model for Screening Exogenous Estrogen Treatments of Cardiovascular Dysfunction After Menopause

Published on: August 13, 2019

Practice patterns with hormone therapy after surgical menopause.

Adriana Chubaty1, M Tami L Shandro, Nan Schuurmans

  • 1University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, AB, Canada.

Maturitas
|March 15, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Many women experience persistent hot flashes after surgical menopause without hormone therapy (HT). Patient education before or after surgery may improve symptom management and long-term health outcomes.

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Area of Science:

  • Gynecology
  • Menopause Research
  • Surgical Outcomes

Background:

  • Surgical menopause (hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy) can lead to abrupt menopausal symptoms.
  • Hormone therapy (HT) is a common treatment for menopausal symptoms, but practice patterns vary.
  • Understanding symptom experience and HT use in this population is crucial for optimizing care.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate hormone therapy (HT) utilization following surgical menopause.
  • To assess the prevalence and severity of menopausal symptoms, specifically hot flashes, in women after surgical menopause.
  • To correlate HT use with the experience of menopausal symptoms.

Main Methods:

  • Cross-sectional chart review and telephone interviews with 70 women aged 20-50 who underwent hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy before natural menopause.
  • Data collected on HT initiation and continuation, and patient-reported menopausal symptoms.
  • Statistical analysis to compare symptom experience between women on HT and those not on HT.

Main Results:

  • Only 40% of women were initiated on HT post-surgery, and 33% were still using it at follow-up.
  • Women not using HT reported significantly more frequent (74% vs. 30%) and severe (57% vs. 47%) daily hot flashes.
  • Estrogen therapy (ET) was the sole HT prescribed, with a preference for transdermal routes and doses equivalent to 0.625mg conjugated estrogens.

Conclusions:

  • A significant majority of women (over 2/3rds) do not use HT after surgical menopause, leading to persistent, severe hot flashes.
  • Targeted patient education regarding HT and symptom management, provided pre- or post-operatively, is recommended.
  • Improved management strategies are needed to address menopausal symptoms and long-term health consequences in this cohort.