Digital twins in menopause: a roadmap for integrating endocrine dynamics, multisystem physiology, and precision...

The menopausal transition represents one of the most complex and heterogeneous periods of women's midlife health, marked by non-linear hormonal fluctuations and interconnected changes across cardiovascular, skeletal, metabolic, neurocognitive, and thermoregulatory systems. Despite decades of research, current approaches remain limited by sparse longitudinal measurements, fragmented organ-specific studies, and population-based models that overlook the substantial diversity of menopausal trajectories. Digital twin technologies, computational replicas of individual patients that integrate real-time data with mechanistic and AI-driven modelling, offer a novel framework to address these limitations. This review explores whether digital twins could redefine the scientific understanding and clinical management of menopause. We synthesise advances across multiple domains relevant to digital twin development, including bone remodelling models, cardiovascular simulations, neuroendocrine network modelling, vasomotor physiology, multi-omic profiling, and the growing ecosystem of wearable sensors and digital health data. Collectively, these fields provide the conceptual foundations for constructing dynamic, personalised models capable of simulating hormonal decline, predicting multisystem health trajectories, and evaluating potential therapeutic strategies in silico. We highlight the major scientific and technical challenges that currently limit progress, including incomplete endocrine modelling, the scarcity of high-frequency multimodal datasets, and the intrinsic difficulty of validating counterfactual predictions. Ethical and regulatory considerations, such as data governance, algorithmic fairness, transparency, and clinical integration, also require dedicated attention to ensure safe and equitable implementation. Digital twins hold significant promise for ushering in a new era of mechanistically informed, personalised menopause research and care.