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Hydrogen Bonds

Hydrogen Bonds

A hydrogen bond is formed when a weakly positive hydrogen atom already bonded to one electronegative atom (for example, the oxygen in the water molecule) is attracted to another electronegative atom from another polar molecule, such as water (H2O), hydrogen fluoride (HF), or ammonia (NH3). The huge electronegativity difference between the H atom (2.1) and the atom to which it is bonded (4.0 for an F atom, 3.5 for an O atom, or 3.0 for an N atom), combined with the very small size of an H atom...

Hydrogen Bonds

Hydrogen Bonds

Hydrogen BondsHydrogen bonds are weak attractions between atoms that have formed other chemical bonds. One of these atoms is electronegative, like oxygen, and has a partial negative charge. The other is a hydrogen atom that has bonded with another electronegative atom and has a partial positive charge.Hydrogen Bonds Control the World!Because hydrogen has very weak electronegativity when it binds with a strongly electronegative atom, such as oxygen or nitrogen, electrons in the bond are...

IR Spectrum Peak Broadening: Hydrogen Bonding

IR Spectrum Peak Broadening: Hydrogen Bonding

The vibrational frequency of a bond is directly proportional to its bond strength. As a result, stronger bonds vibrate at higher frequencies, while weaker bonds vibrate at lower frequencies. The stretching vibration of the strong O–H bond in alcohols and phenols (very dilute solution or gas phase) appears as a sharp peak at 3600–3650 cm−1.
However, the extent of hydrogen bonding influences the observed stretching frequency and band broadening. Intermolecular or intramolecular hydrogen bonding...

¹H NMR of Labile Protons: Deuterium (²H) Substitution

¹H NMR of Labile Protons: Deuterium (²H) Substitution

This lesson illustrates the role of deuterium substitution in simplifying the NMR spectrum of compounds comprising labile protons. One method employed is the use of deuterium. Amongst the three isotopes of hydrogen, deuterium (2H) has a nucleus composed of one proton and one neutron. When the D2O solvent is added to a pure dry ethanol solution, its labile proton is substituted with deuterium.

¹H NMR of Conformationally Flexible Molecules: Variable-Temperature NMR

¹H NMR of Conformationally Flexible Molecules: Variable-Temperature NMR

The axial and equatorial protons in cyclohexane can be distinguished by performing a variable-temperature NMR experiment. In this process, except for one proton, the remaining eleven protons are replaced by deuterium. The deuterium substitution avoids the possible peak splitting caused by the spin-spin coupling between the adjacent protons. The remaining proton flips between the axial and equatorial positions.

Escape Velocities of Gases

Escape Velocities of Gases

To escape the Earth's gravity, an object near the top of the atmosphere at an altitude of 100 km must travel away from Earth at 11.1 km/s. This speed is called the escape velocity. The temperature at which gas molecules attain the rms speed, which is equal to the escape velocity, can be estimated by using the equation for the average kinetic energy of the gas molecules. According to the kinetic theory of gas, the average kinetic energy of the gas molecules is proportional to its temperature.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Quantification of Hydrogen Concentrations in Surface and Interface Layers and Bulk Materials through Depth Profiling with Nuclear Reaction Analysis

Quantification of Hydrogen Concentrations in Surface and Interface Layers and Bulk Materials through Depth Profiling with Nuclear Reaction Analysis

Published on: March 29, 2016

Molecular hydrogen desorption from amorphous surfaces at low temperature.

G Vidali¹, L Li

¹Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244-1130, USA. gvidali@syr.edu

Journal of Physics. Condensed Matter : an Institute of Physics Journal

|March 15, 2011

Summary

Researchers studied hydrogen molecule desorption from amorphous silicates, simulating interstellar dust grain conditions. They derived binding site energy distributions, crucial for understanding molecule formation in space.

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Last Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Quantification of Hydrogen Concentrations in Surface and Interface Layers and Bulk Materials through Depth Profiling with Nuclear Reaction Analysis

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Published on: March 29, 2016

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Published on: March 4, 2021

Area of Science:

Astrochemistry
Surface Science
Materials Science

Background:

Interstellar dust grains are critical sites for molecular hydrogen formation.
Understanding molecule-grain interactions is key to astrochemistry.
Amorphous silicates are common dust components in space.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate hydrogen molecule desorption from amorphous silicates.
To determine the energy distribution of binding sites on these surfaces.
To simulate interstellar medium conditions for molecule formation studies.

Main Methods:

Thermal Programmed Desorption (TPD) was used.
Experiments mimicked interstellar dust grain environments.
Direct inversion methods analyzed molecular desorption data.

Main Results:

Derived the energy distribution of binding sites on amorphous silicates.
Compared desorption from amorphous silicates with single-crystal olivine.
Provided data relevant to atom/molecule migration and ejection from surfaces.

Conclusions:

The study provides insights into hydrogen binding on interstellar dust analogs.
The findings are applicable to understanding surface processes in low-temperature astrophysical environments.
This research aids in modeling molecular hydrogen formation on dust grains.