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Updated: Jun 3, 2026
Endoscopic Bilateral Nipple-sparing Mastectomy via a Single Axillary Incision with Immediate Pre-pectoral Implant-based Breast Reconstruction
Published on: May 17, 2024
Immediate free flap reconstruction for advanced-stage breast cancer: is it safe?
Christopher A Crisera1, Eric I Chang, Andrew L Da Lio
1Los Angeles, Calif.; and New York, N.Y. From the Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles Medical Center, and the Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center.
Background:
Numerous studies have demonstrated that immediate breast reconstruction following mastectomy is associated with improvements in quality of life and body image. However, immediate breast reconstruction for advanced-stage breast cancer remains controversial. This study evaluates its safety in patients with advanced-stage breast cancer.
Methods:
Over a 10-year period, patients diagnosed with stage IIB or greater breast cancer treated with mastectomy followed by immediate breast reconstruction were identified and analyzed. Complication rates and reconstructive aesthetics were determined.
Results:
One hundred seventy patients were identified who underwent 157 unilateral and 13 bilateral reconstructions (183 flaps) predominantly by means of free transverse rectus abdominis musculocutaneous flaps (n = 162). The average age was 47 years and the average hospital stay was 5.1 days. There were 15 major complications (8.8 percent), but adjuvant postoperative therapy was delayed in only eight patients (4.7 percent), with the maximum delay lasting 3 weeks in one patient. Although some degree of flap shrinkage was noted in 30 percent of patients treated with postoperative radiotherapy, only 10 percent of patients experienced severe breast distortion. Importantly, the overall cosmetic outcome in patients who underwent postoperative irradiation was comparable to that of those who did not.
Conclusions:
The authors have shown that immediate breast reconstruction in the setting of advanced-stage breast cancer is safe and well tolerated by patients, and is not associated with significant delays in adjuvant therapy. These findings make a strong argument for immediate reconstruction regardless of cancer stage. The authors found the changes caused by radiation to the reconstructed breast to be less significant than previously reported and readily addressed to complete an ultimate reconstruction that is aesthetically acceptable to both surgeon and patient.
Clinical Question/Level Of Evidence:
Therapeutic, IV.(Figure is included in full-text article.).
