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CNS Stimulants: Psychedelic Agents

Hallucinogens, also known as psychedelic drugs, are a class of substances known for their ability to alter perception, cognition, and emotions. Despite their profound effects on the mind, these drugs are non-addictive, setting them apart from many other abused substances. The mechanism of action of these drugs lies in their impact on the 5-HT2A receptor in the brain. Upon activation, this receptor couples to Gq-type G proteins, triggering a cascade that releases intracellular calcium. This...
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CNS Stimulants: Cocaine, Amphetamines and Cannabinoids

CNS stimulants, such as cocaine, amphetamines, and cannabinoids, have varying structures and mechanisms of action that lead to different therapeutic effects and side effects. Cocaine, with its molecular formula C17H21NO4, is a tropane alkaloid and a tertiary amino compound. It has two chemical forms: the hydrochloride salt and the "freebase." The former is in powder form, while the latter involves removing the hydrochloride salt to create a form that can be smoked. Cocaine exerts its effects by...
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Stimulants

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Antiepileptic Drugs: Potassium Channel Activators

Ezocgabine or retigabine, an antiepileptic drug of remarkable efficacy, has revolutionized the management of seizures. It is a potassium channel activator, explicitly targeting the family of Q subtype potassium channels. It enhances the transmembrane potassium currents, regulating neuronal excitability. This action stabilizes the resting membrane potential, a pivotal factor in mitigating the hyperexcitability that characterizes epilepsy.
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Drug Abuse and Addiction: Pharmacological Phenomena

Drug dependence, abuse, and addiction are complex phenomena that can precipitate various abnormal states. Physical dependence refers to a state of pharmacological adaptation to a drug. This adaptation often results in tolerance—a reduced response to the drug after repeated administrations. When the drug use is abruptly stopped, withdrawal symptoms occur due to the body's need to readjust from the pharmacologically induced imbalance. However, tolerance and withdrawal symptoms do not necessarily...
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Color Spot Test As a Presumptive Tool for the Rapid Detection of Synthetic Cathinones
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Ivory wave: the next mephedrone?

Mark Durham1

  • 1Brighton Ambulance Station, Elm Grove, Brighton BN2 3EU, UK. mark.durham@secamb.nhs.uk

Emergency Medicine Journal : EMJ
|March 17, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Ivory wave is a new legal high drug causing deaths. It overstimulates the nervous system and cardiovascular system, posing significant health risks.

Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology
  • Toxicology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Emergence of novel psychoactive substances (NPS) as alternatives to controlled drugs.
  • Mephedrone (4-methylmethcathinone) classification as a Class B drug leading to market shifts.
  • Attribution of fatalities to the novel substance 'Ivory wave'.

Observation:

  • Case study analysis of Ivory wave exposure.
  • Literature review on the pharmacological effects of NPS.
  • Clinical presentations associated with Ivory wave use.

Findings:

  • Central nervous system overstimulation: acute paranoid psychosis, hyperthermia, dizziness, seizures.
  • Cardiovascular effects: tachycardia, chest pain, electrocardiographic changes (ST segment alterations), hypertension, and potential renal complications.

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  • Potential for widespread public health issues due to increasing popularity.

    • Implications:

    • Clinicians must be prepared for the recognition, diagnosis, and management of Ivory wave toxicity.
    • The drug poses a significant public health threat, potentially becoming the 'next mephedrone'.
    • Further research is crucial to understand the long-term effects and develop targeted interventions.