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Habitat Fragmentation

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Habitat fragmentation describes the division of a more extensive, continuous habitat into smaller, discontinuous areas. Human activities such as land conversion, as well as slower geological processes leading to changes in the physical environment, are the two leading causes of habitat fragmentation. The fragmentation process typically follows the same steps: perforation, dissection, fragmentation, shrinkage, and attrition.
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Alkenes lose one electron from the unsaturated π bond upon ionization and form stable molecular ions. Further fragmentation of alkenes occurs through three different reaction pathways. The most prominent fragmentation is the cleavage at the allylic position. The resultant allylic carbocation is resonance stabilized. In the mass spectra of terminal alkenes, this fragment appears at a mass-to-charge ratio of 41. In the internal alkenes, where there are two choices of allylic cleavage, the...
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Amines can be identified using mass spectroscopy based on their characteristic fragmentation patterns. The molecular ions of amines undergo fragmentation via ⍺-cleavage. The ⍺-cleavage of the carbon-carbon bonds in amines generates an alkyl radical and resonance-stabilized nitrogen-containing cation.
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In mass spectrometry, cycloalkanes exhibit distinct fragmentation patterns due to the inherent stability of their molecular ions compared to linear or branched alkanes. The ring structure of cycloalkanes provides additional stability to the molecular ions, often resulting in prominent ion peaks in the mass spectrum.
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The fragmentation of alkynes preferentially occurs at the carbon–carbon bond between the α and β carbon of the alkyne bond to generate a 3-propynyl cation (or propargyl cation). In terminal alkynes, there is the only type of fragmentation that yields the 3-propynyl cation. The unsubstituted 3-propynyl cation exhibits a peak at a mass-to-charge ratio of 39. In internal alkynes, the 3-propynyl cation is substituted. For example, 2-pentyne fragments into methyl-substituted 3-propynyl cation,...
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Construction of Lambda Libraries from Large PFGE Fragments.

C Pritchard1, M Burmeister

  • 1Department of Physlology, University of California at San Francisco, CA.

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|March 17, 2011
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) enables DNA fragment separation for constructing chromosome maps and cloning. This technique is crucial for identifying DNA segments near disease genes like cystic fibrosis and Huntington disease.

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Area of Science:

  • Genetics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) can separate large DNA fragments (thousands of kilobases).
  • PFGE is utilized for creating long-range restriction maps of chromosomes across various species.
  • Beyond analysis, PFGE serves as a preparative tool for DNA manipulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the applications of preparative pulsed-field gel electrophoresis.
  • To demonstrate PFGE's utility in DNA cloning and library construction.
  • To showcase PFGE's role in disease gene identification.

Main Methods:

  • DNA fragments are separated using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE).
  • Intact DNA from preparative PFGE gels is used for cloning into vectors like yeast artificial chromosomes.
  • DNA is digested, separated by PFGE, eluted, and cloned into plasmid or phage vectors for library generation.

Main Results:

  • PFGE facilitates the construction of long-range restriction maps.
  • Preparative PFGE yields intact DNA suitable for cloning and library construction.
  • This method has been widely applied to clone DNA near significant disease genes.

Conclusions:

  • Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis is a versatile technique for DNA fragment separation and manipulation.
  • Preparative PFGE is instrumental in generating DNA libraries for genetic research.
  • The technique has proven invaluable for identifying DNA sequences associated with genetic disorders.