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Obesity

Obesity

The Body Mass Index (BMI) is a numerical value derived from a person's weight and height, used to categorize individuals into weight ranges. It is calculated using the formula: weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared. Obesity is a health condition characterized by excessive accumulation of adipose tissue that poses health risks, often diagnosed with a BMI ≥ 30. This excess fat storage occurs when surplus dietary calories are converted into triglycerides and stored in adipocytes...

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Drug Dosing: Obese Patients

In the United States, obesity is a prominent concern. It is linked to heightened mortality rates due to increased occurrences of conditions such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, and diabetes compared to nonobese individuals. A patient is classified as obese if their actual body weight surpasses the ideal or desirable body weight by 20%, based on Metropolitan Life Insurance Company data. Ideal body weights consider average weights and heights for males and females...

Pharmacokinetics in Obese Patients: Drug Absorption and Distribution

Pharmacokinetics in Obese Patients: Drug Absorption and Distribution

Obesity significantly alters the pharmacokinetic processes of drug absorption and distribution, presenting unique challenges in medical treatment. The increased fat tissue and decreased lean muscle in obese individuals can significantly affect how drugs are absorbed into the body and distributed across different tissues. This alteration can lead to variances in the effectiveness and safety of medications, necessitating adjustments in dosing or drug selection for obese patients.One notable...

Pharmacokinetics in Obese Patients: Drug Metabolism and Excretion

Pharmacokinetics in Obese Patients: Drug Metabolism and Excretion

Drug metabolism, a critical process in the liver, involves two primary phases: Phase I reactions and Phase II conjugation. Obesity introduces significant alterations in this metabolic process, primarily due to fatty infiltration of the liver, leading to conditions such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). This condition can modify the activities of both Phase I and II enzymes, impacting how drugs are metabolized in obese patients.Phase I metabolism sees variable effects across...

Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications

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For most patients, experiencing several weeks of polyuria, polydipsia, fatigue, and significant weight loss may indicate the presence of diabetes. Furthermore, adults displaying the phenotypic appearance of type 2 diabetes (particularly those who are obese and not initially insulin-requiring), may have islet cell autoantibodies, suggesting autoimmune-mediated β cell destruction and a diagnosis of latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA). The categorization of glucose homeostasis is based on...

Hypodermis

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Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Assessment of Child Anthropometry in a Large Epidemiologic Study

Assessment of Child Anthropometry in a Large Epidemiologic Study

Published on: February 2, 2017

Obesity in adults.

David Delaet¹, Daniel Schauer

¹Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, USA.

BMJ Clinical Evidence

|March 18, 2011

Summary

Obesity treatments, including bariatric surgery and medications like orlistat, are reviewed for effectiveness and safety in adults. Evidence quality was assessed using GRADE, informing clinical decisions for weight management.

Area of Science:

Medical research
Clinical effectiveness
Public health

Background:

Obesity affects a significant portion of the US and UK populations, increasing risks for numerous chronic diseases.
Weight regain is common, with less than 10% of overweight adults returning to a normal weight within four years.
Prescription weight-loss medications are widely used, though not always appropriately for individuals who are not overweight.

Purpose of the Study:

To systematically review the effects of drug treatments for obesity in adults.
To evaluate the efficacy and safety of bariatric surgery for individuals with morbid obesity.
To synthesize evidence on various weight management interventions.

Main Methods:

Conducted a systematic review of medical literature up to September 2010.

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Intraperitoneal Glucose Tolerance Test, Measurement of Lung Function, and Fixation of the Lung to Study the Impact of Obesity and Impaired Metabolism on Pulmonary Outcomes

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Intraperitoneal Glucose Tolerance Test, Measurement of Lung Function, and Fixation of the Lung to Study the Impact of Obesity and Impaired Metabolism on Pulmonary Outcomes

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Searched major databases including Medline, Embase, and The Cochrane Library.

Included harms alerts from regulatory agencies like the FDA and MHRA.

Main Results:

Identified 39 systematic reviews, randomized controlled trials (RCTs), and observational studies meeting inclusion criteria.
Performed a GRADE evaluation to assess the quality of evidence for different interventions.
Compiled data on the effectiveness and safety of numerous weight-loss interventions.

Conclusions:

The review presents information on the effectiveness and safety of bariatric surgery compared to medical interventions.
Evaluated specific surgical procedures like biliopancreatic diversion, gastric bypass, gastric banding, sleeve gastrectomy, and vertical banded gastroplasty.
Assessed pharmacological interventions including diethylpropion, mazindol, orlistat, phentermine, and sibutramine, both alone and in combination.