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Is fetal cardiac function gender dependent?

S A B Clur1, K Oude Rengerink, B W Mol

  • 1Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. s.a.clur@amc.nl

Prenatal Diagnosis
|March 18, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Female fetuses show improved right ventricular relaxation and increased afterload, independent of nuchal translucency thickness. These findings highlight gender-specific fetal cardiac function differences during development.

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Last Updated: Jun 3, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Fetal cardiology
  • Developmental biology
  • Pediatric echocardiography

Background:

  • Increased nuchal translucency (NT) is more prevalent in males.
  • Gender-related differences in ductus venosus (DV) flow and cardiac function maturation are suspected.
  • Delayed diastolic cardiac function maturation in males may explain these differences.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate sex-based differences in fetal cardiac function.
  • To determine if cardiac function varies between male and female fetuses.
  • To explore potential links between nuchal translucency and gender-specific cardiac development.

Main Methods:

  • Prospective inclusion of 190 normal fetuses (11-35 weeks gestation) with known NT measurements.
  • Performance of 309 fetal echocardiograms to assess cardiac function parameters.
  • Multilevel analysis incorporating NT (multiples of the median) as a continuous variable.

Main Results:

  • A male to female ratio of 1.56:1 was observed.
  • Females exhibited significantly higher tricuspid valve E/TVI and lower pulmonary valve acceleration time (AT).
  • No other significant gender-related differences in fetal cardiac function were detected.

Conclusions:

  • Female fetuses demonstrate enhanced right ventricular (RV) relaxation.
  • Increased RV afterload is suggested in female fetuses.
  • These cardiac function differences are independent of nuchal translucency thickness between 11 and 35 weeks gestation.