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Related Concept Videos

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...
The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...

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Spontaneous Murine Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer
05:39

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Published on: February 3, 2023

Papillary thyroid carcinoma in black thyroids.

Emad Kandil1, Mohamed Abdel Khalek, Wael G Ibrahim

  • 1Department of Surgery, Division of Endocrine and Oncologic Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA. ekandil@tulane.edu

Head & Neck
|March 19, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Black thyroid glands, though rare, are linked to a higher risk of malignancy compared to non-black thyroids. This study found no correlation between pigment presence and tumor characteristics in papillary thyroid cancer.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Surgical Pathology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Black thyroid is a rare condition historically linked to minocycline, but also seen in hemochromatosis, ochronosis, mucoviscidosis, and hemorrhage.
  • A potential association between black thyroid and thyroid cancer has been suggested but not definitively established.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the malignant potential of black thyroid glands.
  • To determine if the presence of pigment in black thyroids correlates with specific cancer characteristics.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective review of 433 thyroid surgery cases from 2001-2008.
  • Patients categorized into benign, papillary thyroid carcinoma, and non-papillary thyroid carcinoma groups based on pathology.

Main Results:

  • 15% of patients (63/433) presented with black thyroid glands and nodules.
  • Nodules in black thyroids showed a significantly higher risk of malignancy (32-33%) compared to non-black thyroids (p = .0001).
  • In papillary thyroid carcinoma cases, pigment presence did not correlate with tumor size or multifocality.

Conclusions:

  • Black thyroid gland findings are unusual and warrant attention due to an increased risk of malignancy.
  • This study is the first to document the elevated malignant potential of black thyroid glands.
  • Pigment in black thyroids does not appear to influence the characteristics of papillary thyroid cancer.