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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Atomization Methods01:25

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Atomization Methods

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) atomizes samples through flame atomization or electrothermal atomization. Flame atomization typically involves a nebulizer and spray chamber assembly to combine the sample with a fuel–oxidant mixture, creating a fine aerosol mist that enters a burner. Typically, the fuel and oxidant are combined in an approximately stoichiometric ratio. However, for atoms that are easily oxidized, a fuel-rich mixture may be more advantageous. Only about 5% of the aerosol...
Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Principle01:19

Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Principle

Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) is the most widely used plasma source in atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), also known as Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The ICP source, or torch, consists of three concentric quartz tubes with argon gas flowing through them. A spark from a Tesla coil initiates the ionization of argon, generating a high-temperature plasma.
The ions and electrons produced interact with the fluctuating magnetic field created by a water-cooled...
Atomic Fluorescence Spectroscopy01:29

Atomic Fluorescence Spectroscopy

Atomic fluorescence spectroscopy (AFS) is an analytical technique that involves the electronic transitions of atoms in a flame, furnace, or plasma being excited by electromagnetic (EM) radiation. When these atoms absorb energy, they become excited and subsequently release energy as they return to their original state. This emitted light, or "fluorescence," is observed at a right angle to the incident beam. Both absorption and emission processes transpire at distinct wavelengths, which are...
Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:22

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

The instrumentation of atomic emission spectrometry (AES) involves various components, including atomization devices that convert samples into gas-phase atoms and ions. There are two main types of atomization devices: continuous and discrete atomizers.  Continuous atomizers, like plasmas and flames, introduce samples in a constant stream, while discrete atomizers inject individual samples using syringes or autosamplers. The most common discrete atomizer is the electrothermal atomizer.
Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Lab01:29

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Lab

AES is a powerful analytical technique, especially effective when used with plasma sources, producing abundant spectra in characteristic emission lines. The Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP), in particular, yields superior quantitative analytical data due to its high stability, low noise, low background, and minimal interferences under optimal experimental conditions. However, newer air-operated microwave sources are emerging as promising alternatives that could be more cost-effective than...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Photoelectron Imaging of Anions Illustrated by 310 Nm Detachment of F−
06:53

Photoelectron Imaging of Anions Illustrated by 310 Nm Detachment of F−

Published on: July 27, 2018

Gas-phase experiments on Au(III) photochemistry.

Jesse C Marcum1, Sydney H Kaufman, J Mathias Weber

  • 1JILA, NIST and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States.

The Journal of Physical Chemistry. A
|March 23, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Ultraviolet light causes gold compounds like tetrachloroaurate(III) and dichloro(dihydroxy)aurate(III) to break apart in the gas phase. This photoreduction process yields gold ions in lower oxidation states, with dissociation pathways depending on light energy.

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A Continuous-flow Photocatalytic Reactor for the Precisely Controlled Deposition of Metallic Nanoparticles
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Published on: April 10, 2019

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Last Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Photoelectron Imaging of Anions Illustrated by 310 Nm Detachment of F−
06:53

Photoelectron Imaging of Anions Illustrated by 310 Nm Detachment of F−

Published on: July 27, 2018

A Continuous-flow Photocatalytic Reactor for the Precisely Controlled Deposition of Metallic Nanoparticles
11:49

A Continuous-flow Photocatalytic Reactor for the Precisely Controlled Deposition of Metallic Nanoparticles

Published on: April 10, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Photochemistry
  • Inorganic Chemistry
  • Quantum Chemistry

Background:

  • Gold compounds exhibit complex photochemical behavior.
  • Understanding gas-phase photochemistry is crucial for elucidating reaction mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the gas-phase ultraviolet photodissociation of tetrachloroaurate(III) (AuCl4-) and dichloro(dihydroxy)aurate(III) (AuCl2(OH)2-).
  • To determine the photoreduction pathways and energy dependence of gold species.

Main Methods:

  • Gas-phase irradiation using ultraviolet light (220-415 nm).
  • Mass spectrometry to identify fragment ions.
  • Density functional theory (DFT) calculations for threshold energies.

Main Results:

  • Observed fragment ions indicate photoreduction of gold to Au(II) or Au(I).
  • Fragment branching ratios for AuCl4- are highly energy-dependent.
  • Spectral features attributed to ligand-to-metal charge transfer transitions.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides insights into the molecular-level mechanisms of Au(III) photochemistry.
  • Energy dependence of dissociation pathways is significant.
  • Ligand-to-metal charge transfer plays a key role in the observed spectra.