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The Auditory Ossicles01:11

The Auditory Ossicles

The auditory ossicles of the middle ear transmit sounds from the air as vibrations to the fluid-filled cochlea. The auditory ossicles consist of two malleus (hammer) bones, two incus (anvil) bones, and two stapes (stirrups), one on each side. These bones develop during the fetal stage and are the ones to ossify first. They are fully mature at birth and do not grow afterward.
The aptly named stapes look very much like a stirrup. The three ossicles are unique to mammals, and each plays a role in...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 18, 2026

Creating Rigidly Stabilized Fractures for Assessing Intramembranous Ossification, Distraction Osteogenesis, or Healing of Critical Sized Defects
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[Isolated stapedius tendon ossification: a case report].

Cağatay Han Ulkü1

  • 1Department of Otolaryngology, Medicine Faculty of Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey. chanulku@yahoo.com

Kulak Burun Bogaz Ihtisas Dergisi : KBB = Journal of Ear, Nose, and Throat
|March 23, 2011
PubMed
Summary

This study reports a rare case of bilateral isolated stapedius tendon ossification causing hearing loss. Surgical intervention by cutting the tendon successfully restored hearing in both ears.

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Area of Science:

  • Otolaryngology
  • Auditory Medicine
  • Surgical Case Report

Background:

  • Bilateral hearing loss is a common complaint, often necessitating differential diagnosis.
  • Otosclerosis is a frequent cause of conductive hearing loss, characterized by abnormal bone growth in the middle ear.
  • Isolated stapedius tendon ossification is an exceptionally rare condition affecting auditory function.

Observation:

  • A 46-year-old female presented with bilateral hearing loss and negative stapedius reflexes.
  • Otomicrosopic examination revealed normal tympanic membranes.
  • Audiometry demonstrated a significant air-bone gap, initially suggestive of otosclerosis.

Findings:

  • Exploratory tympanotomy revealed isolated stapedius tendon ossification as the cause of hearing impairment.
  • Sectioning the ossified stapedius tendon restored normal stapedius muscle movement.
  • Post-operative audiograms showed complete resolution of the air-bone gap in both ears.

Implications:

  • This case highlights the importance of considering rare pathologies beyond typical diagnoses like otosclerosis.
  • Surgical management of isolated stapedius tendon ossification can effectively restore hearing.
  • Further research into the etiology and prevalence of stapedius tendon ossification is warranted.