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Related Concept Videos

Telomeres and Telomerase02:41

Telomeres and Telomerase

In eukaryotic DNA replication, a single-stranded DNA fragment remains at the end of a chromosome after the removal of the final primer. This section of DNA cannot be replicated in the same manner as the rest of the strand because there is no 3’ end to which the newly synthesized DNA can attach. This non-replicated fragment results in gradual loss of the chromosomal DNA during each cell duplication. Additionally, it can induce a DNA damage response by enzymes that recognize single-stranded DNA.
Telomeres and Telomerase02:41

Telomeres and Telomerase

In eukaryotic DNA replication, a single-stranded DNA fragment remains at the end of a chromosome after the removal of the final primer. This section of DNA cannot be replicated in the same manner as the rest of the strand because there is no 3’ end to which the newly synthesized DNA can attach. This non-replicated fragment results in gradual loss of the chromosomal DNA during each cell duplication. Additionally, it can induce a DNA damage response by enzymes that recognize single-stranded DNA.
Replication in Eukaryotes01:29

Replication in Eukaryotes

In eukaryotic cells, DNA replication is highly conserved and tightly regulated. Multiple linear chromosomes must be duplicated with high fidelity before cell division, so there are many proteins that fulfill specialized roles in the replication process. Replication occurs in three phases: initiation, elongation, and termination, and ends with two complete sets of chromosomes in the nucleus.
Many Proteins Orchestrate Replication at the Origin
Eukaryotic replication follows many of the same...
Replication in Eukaryotes02:31

Replication in Eukaryotes

Overview
Replicative Cell Senescence02:15

Replicative Cell Senescence

Replicative cell senescence is a property of cells that allows them to divide a finite number of times throughout the organism's lifespan while preventing excessive proliferation. Replicative senescence is associated with the gradual loss of the telomere — short, repetitive DNA sequences found at the end of the chromosomes. Telomeres are bound by a group of proteins to form a protective cap on the ends of chromosomes. Embryonic stem cells express telomerase — an enzyme that adds the telomeric...
RNA Structure01:19

RNA Structure

The basic structure of RNA consists of a string of ribonucleotides attached by phosphodiester bonds. Although most RNA is single-stranded, it can form complex secondary and tertiary structures. Such structures play essential roles in the regulation of transcription and translation.
Different Types of RNA Have the Same Basic Structure
There are three main types of ribonucleic acid (RNA) involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). All three...

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In vitro Reconstitution of the Active T. castaneum Telomerase
09:25

In vitro Reconstitution of the Active T. castaneum Telomerase

Published on: July 14, 2011

Telomerase: structure, functions, and activity regulation.

M I Zvereva1, D M Shcherbakova, O A Dontsova

  • 1Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia. zvereva@genebee.msu.ru

Biochemistry. Biokhimiia
|March 23, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Telomerase maintains telomere length, crucial for cell division. Inhibiting telomerase can restrict tumor growth, while activation may correct degenerative changes.

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Semi-quantitative Detection of RNA-dependent RNA Polymerase Activity of Human Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase Protein
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Telomerase Activity in the Various Regions of Mouse Brain: Non-Radioactive Telomerase Repeat Amplification Protocol (TRAP) Assay
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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Telomeres protect chromosome ends but shorten with each cell division.
  • Telomerase, an enzyme, adds repetitive sequences to maintain telomere length.
  • This process is active in germ, stem, and tumor cells, but limited in somatic cells.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review telomerase structure, function, and its role in cell proliferation.
  • To compare telomerase across different organisms.
  • To discuss methods for measuring and modulating telomerase activity.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of telomerase structure and function.
  • Comparative analysis of telomerase in various organisms.
  • Discussion of telomerase activity measurement and modulation techniques.

Main Results:

  • Telomere shortening limits somatic cell division, leading to senescence.
  • Activated telomere maintenance in tumor cells allows unlimited replication.
  • Telomerase has catalytic and independent functions in cell cycle regulation.

Conclusions:

  • Telomerase inhibition can limit tumor cell replication.
  • Telomerase activation may correct degenerative changes.
  • Understanding telomerase is key for cancer therapy and regenerative medicine.