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Related Concept Videos

Bacterial Meningitis I: Introduction01:22

Bacterial Meningitis I: Introduction

Bacterial meningitis is a severe, life-threatening inflammation of the meninges, particularly the pia mater and arachnoid mater, affecting the subarachnoid space, ventricles, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). If untreated, it can lead to significant neurological complications or death.Causative AgentsCommon pathogens vary with age and immune status. In adults, major organisms include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae. Streptococcus agalactiae (group B...
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Bacterial Meningitis II: Pathophysiology

Bacterial meningitis typically begins when pathogens such as Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae colonize the nasopharynx and invade the bloodstream. This process is facilitated by bacterial virulence factors, such as polysaccharide capsules, which resist phagocytosis and complement-mediated killing. Less commonly, bacteria reach the central nervous system via contiguous spread from infections like otitis media or sinusitis, through congenital or acquired dural defects, or...
Bacterial Meningitis01:24

Bacterial Meningitis

Bacterial meningitis is a severe infectious disease involving inflammation of the meninges, the protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It occurs when pathogenic bacteria cross the blood–brain barrier and enter the cerebrospinal fluid. Common causative organisms include Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae type b, Listeria monocytogenes, and Escherichia coli K1. The exact route of entry varies by pathogen and host condition.Routes of Entry...
Development of the Oral Microbiota01:28

Development of the Oral Microbiota

The establishment of the oral microbiome begins before birth, challenging the long-held belief that the fetal oral cavity is sterile. The presence of oral microbes such as Streptococcus and Fusobacterium in amniotic fluid suggests that microbial exposure may occur in utero, potentially through translocation from the maternal oral or gastrointestinal tract. This early colonization primes the neonatal immune system and sets the stage for subsequent microbial succession. Maternal health,...
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Streptococcal Pharyngitis

Streptococcal pharyngitis, commonly known as “strep throat,” is an acute infection of the oropharyngeal tissues caused by the Gram‑positive Group A Streptococcus (Streptococcus pyogenes). Transmission occurs primarily through respiratory droplets expelled during coughing, sneezing, or talking.Mechanisms of Host Entry and Immune EvasionUpon entering the host, S. pyogenes adheres to the mucosal epithelial cells of the pharynx via surface proteins, notably lipoteichoic acid and the antiphagocytic...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 3, 2026

A Murine Model of Group B Streptococcus Vaginal Colonization
10:19

A Murine Model of Group B Streptococcus Vaginal Colonization

Published on: November 16, 2016

Neonatal infections: group B streptococcus.

Paul Trafford Heath1, Luke Anthony Jardine

  • 1St. George's Hospital, London, UK.

BMJ Clinical Evidence
|March 23, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Prophylactic antibiotic treatment for asymptomatic neonates with group B streptococcus risk factors is reviewed. Evidence on antibiotics, monitoring, and selective treatment effectiveness and safety is presented.

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A Neonatal Imaging Model of Gram-Negative Bacterial Sepsis
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A Neonatal Imaging Model of Gram-Negative Bacterial Sepsis

Published on: August 12, 2020

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Last Updated: Jun 3, 2026

A Murine Model of Group B Streptococcus Vaginal Colonization
10:19

A Murine Model of Group B Streptococcus Vaginal Colonization

Published on: November 16, 2016

A Neonatal Imaging Model of Gram-Negative Bacterial Sepsis
08:46

A Neonatal Imaging Model of Gram-Negative Bacterial Sepsis

Published on: August 12, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Neonatal Medicine
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Group B Streptococcus (GBS) colonization affects 1 in 4 women, posing risks of neonatal infection (sepsis, pneumonia, meningitis).
  • Very-low-birthweight infants face significantly higher GBS infection and mortality risks.
  • Late-onset GBS infection presents later but is generally less fatal than early-onset disease.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review the effects of prophylactic treatment in asymptomatic neonates under 7 days old with GBS risk factors.
  • To evaluate interventions including antibiotics, monitoring, and selective treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of 12 studies (reviews, RCTs, observational studies) up to April 2010.
  • Searched major databases (Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library).
  • Included harms alerts from regulatory agencies (FDA, MHRA).

Main Results:

  • A GRADE evaluation assessed the quality of evidence for interventions.
  • The review synthesizes findings on various prophylactic strategies.

Conclusions:

  • Information on the effectiveness and safety of different antibiotic regimens is provided.
  • The review covers monitoring and selective treatment approaches.
  • Findings relate to routine antibiotic prophylaxis for GBS prevention.