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Related Concept Videos

Anatomy of the Ear01:16

Anatomy of the Ear

Auditory sensation, commonly called hearing, involves the transformation of sonic waves into neural impulses facilitated by the structures of the auditory organ. The prominent, flesh-like structure on the side of the head, called the auricle, directs sound waves towards the auditory canal. The auricle is often mislabeled as the pinna, a term more aligned with mobile structures like a feline's external ear. The auditory canal penetrates the cranium via the external auditory meatus of the...
The Auditory Ossicles01:11

The Auditory Ossicles

The auditory ossicles of the middle ear transmit sounds from the air as vibrations to the fluid-filled cochlea. The auditory ossicles consist of two malleus (hammer) bones, two incus (anvil) bones, and two stapes (stirrups), one on each side. These bones develop during the fetal stage and are the ones to ossify first. They are fully mature at birth and do not grow afterward.
The aptly named stapes look very much like a stirrup. The three ossicles are unique to mammals, and each plays a role in...
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Tonsillitis I: Introduction

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Tonsillitis II: Management

This lesson will focus on the different treatment options for managing tonsillitis, which typically depend on the cause and severity.
The Cochlea01:13

The Cochlea

The cochlea is a coiled structure in the inner ear that contains hair cells—the sensory receptors of the auditory system. Sound waves are transmitted to the cochlea by small bones attached to the eardrum called the ossicles, which vibrate the oval window that leads to the inner ear. This causes fluid in the chambers of the cochlea to move, vibrating the basilar membrane.
Acute Pharyngitis01:30

Acute Pharyngitis

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Endaural Endoscopic Atticoantrotomy (Retrograde Mastoidectomy) using a Constant Suction Bone-drilling Technique
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Endaural Endoscopic Atticoantrotomy (Retrograde Mastoidectomy) using a Constant Suction Bone-drilling Technique

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Otitis externa.

Daniel Hajioff1, Samuel Mackeith

  • 1Southmead Hospital, Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, Bristol, UK.

BMJ Clinical Evidence
|March 23, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This systematic review evaluates treatments for otitis externa, commonly known as swimmer's ear. It found nine studies on interventions like topical antibiotics and corticosteroids, assessing their effectiveness and safety.

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Published on: November 26, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Otolaryngology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Otitis externa affects 10% of the population, presenting in acute, chronic, or necrotising forms.
  • Risk factors include swimming, humid environments, narrow ear canals, hearing aid use, and ear canal trauma.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review the effects of empirical and prophylactic treatments for otitis externa.
  • To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of various otitis externa interventions.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of nine studies including systematic reviews, randomized controlled trials (RCTs), and observational studies.
  • Searched major databases (Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library) up to October 2007.
  • Included harms alerts from regulatory agencies (FDA, MHRA).

Main Results:

  • Nine studies met inclusion criteria.
  • GRADE evaluation was performed to assess the quality of evidence for interventions.

Conclusions:

  • Information on the effectiveness and safety of interventions for otitis externa is presented.
  • Interventions reviewed include oral antibiotics, aural toilet, topical acetic acid, topical aluminium acetate, topical antibacterials, topical antifungals, topical anti-infective agents, topical corticosteroids, and water exclusion.