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Related Concept Videos

Traumatic Brain Injury l: Introduction01:28

Traumatic Brain Injury l: Introduction

DefinitionTraumatic brain injury, or TBI, is a disturbance of normal brain function induced by an external mechanical force, such as a direct blow to the head or a penetrating injury. It can affect both brain structure and function, producing a wide range of clinical outcomes. TBI is a heterogeneous condition, meaning its effects may differ based on the type, location, and severity of the injury.Basis of ClassificationTBI is classified based on severity, injury mechanism, or pathophysiology. In...
Increased Intracranial Pressure l: Introduction01:14

Increased Intracranial Pressure l: Introduction

Intracranial hypertension is a sustained elevation of intracranial pressure (ICP) above 22 mm Hg. In supine adults, normal ICP is ~7–15 mm Hg.The rigid, nonexpandable cranium contains three components—brain tissue, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)—that total ~1,700 mL in a typical adult: 1,400 mL brain (~80%), 150 mL blood (~10%), and 150 mL CSF (~10%). According to the Monro–Kellie doctrine, total intracranial volume is effectively fixed. When one component expands, CSF and venous blood...
Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology01:29

Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

A hemorrhagic stroke develops when a cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to escape into the surrounding brain tissue, as in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), or into the subarachnoid space, as in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Because the skull is a rigid compartment, the sudden presence of extravascular blood rapidly increases intracranial pressure and compresses adjacent neural structures, leading to immediate tissue injury and impaired cerebral perfusion.Mass Effect and Primary...
Increased Intracranial Pressure ll: Pathophysiology01:29

Increased Intracranial Pressure ll: Pathophysiology

Increased intracranial pressure (ICP) refers to a potentially life-threatening rise in pressure inside the skull. This usually happens when there is a major change in the volume of brain tissue, blood, or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) — the three components inside the skull. According to the Monro-Kellie doctrine, if the volume of one component increases, the volumes of the other components must decrease to maintain normal pressure. If this does not happen, ICP rises.The process often begins with...

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Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Controlled Cortical Impact Model for Traumatic Brain Injury
05:30

Controlled Cortical Impact Model for Traumatic Brain Injury

Published on: August 5, 2014

Head injury (moderate to severe).

Ian Maconochie1, Mark Ross

  • 1Department of Paediatric Accident and Emergency, St Mary's Hospital, London, UK.

BMJ Clinical Evidence
|March 23, 2011
PubMed
Summary

This systematic review examines interventions for moderate to severe head injury (Glasgow Coma Scale score < 8). It found 17 studies evaluating treatments like antibiotics and hypothermia to reduce complications and improve outcomes.

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Trauma Care
  • Clinical Evidence

Background:

  • Head injuries are common in young adults (accidents, violence, sports) and older adults (falls).
  • Severe head injuries can cause secondary brain damage via ischemia, hypotension, hypercapnia, and increased intracranial pressure.
  • The Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) assesses injury severity; a GCS score below 8 indicates severe brain injury with significant mortality and disability risks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review the effects of interventions aimed at reducing complications in moderate to severe head injuries.
  • To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of various treatments for traumatic brain injury.

Main Methods:

  • A systematic literature review was conducted, searching major databases (Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library) up to November 2009.

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Assessing Changes in Synaptic Plasticity Using an Awake Closed-Head Injury Model of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
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  • Included studies comprised systematic reviews, randomized controlled trials (RCTs), and observational studies.
  • Harms alerts from regulatory agencies (FDA, MHRA) were also incorporated.

    • Main Results:

    • Seventeen studies met the inclusion criteria for the review.
    • The studies investigated a range of interventions for head injury management.

    Conclusions:

    • The review provides information on the effectiveness and safety of specific interventions for moderate to severe head injury.
    • Interventions evaluated include antibiotics, anticonvulsants, corticosteroids, hyperventilation, hypothermia, and mannitol.