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Related Concept Videos

Epigenetic Regulation01:37

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...
Epigenetic Regulation01:46

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
Phase II Reactions: Methylation Reactions01:17

Phase II Reactions: Methylation Reactions

Methylation is a phase II biotransformation process involving the attachment of a methyl group to a substrate. Enzymes known as methyltransferases orchestrate this reaction.
The mechanism of methylation unfolds in two stages. The first stage sees a methyltransferase enzyme facilitating the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) to the substrate, forming S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH). The second stage involves further metabolism of SAH into homocysteine, which can be recycled...
Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone deacetylase,...
Genomic Imprinting and Inheritance02:30

Genomic Imprinting and Inheritance

Diploid organisms inherit genetic material through chromosomes from both parents. Copies of the same gene are known as alleles. In most cases, both alleles are simultaneously expressed and allow various cellular processes to function optimally. If one of the alleles is missing or mutated, the expression of the other allele can compensate; however, this is not true for all genes.
The expression of some genes depends on which parent passed the gene to the offspring, through a phenomenon known as...
Biosynthesis of Nucleic Acids01:28

Biosynthesis of Nucleic Acids

Nucleic acid biosynthesis is a fundamental biochemical process that produces the purine and pyrimidine nucleotides essential for DNA and RNA synthesis. This pathway maintains a balanced nucleotide pool, preventing imbalances that could jeopardize genetic integrity and cellular function. Given the crucial role of nucleotides, their synthesis is tightly regulated to ensure proper cellular homeostasis.Purine BiosynthesisThe biosynthesis of purine nucleotides begins with ribose-5-phosphate, a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Immunostaining for DNA Modifications: Computational Analysis of Confocal Images
09:42

Immunostaining for DNA Modifications: Computational Analysis of Confocal Images

Published on: September 7, 2017

RNA-directed DNA methylation.

Huiming Zhang1, Jian-Kang Zhu

  • 1Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.

Current Opinion in Plant Biology
|March 23, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

DNA methylation, guided by small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), silences transposons and genes in plants. Recent studies reveal new players and nuclear organization in this RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) pathway.

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Detection of Modified Forms of Cytosine Using Sensitive Immunohistochemistry
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Last Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Immunostaining for DNA Modifications: Computational Analysis of Confocal Images
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Continuous Fluorescence-Based Endonuclease-Coupled DNA Methylation Assay to Screen for DNA Methyltransferase Inhibitors
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Detection of Modified Forms of Cytosine Using Sensitive Immunohistochemistry
07:13

Detection of Modified Forms of Cytosine Using Sensitive Immunohistochemistry

Published on: August 16, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Epigenetics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Plant Science

Background:

  • DNA methylation is a key epigenetic mechanism for gene silencing in plants.
  • Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) guide DNA methyltransferases to establish sequence-specific DNA methylation.
  • The RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) pathway involves multiple genetic and biochemical components.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the molecular mechanisms and components of the RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) pathway in plants.
  • To identify new molecular players and interactions within the RdDM process.
  • To investigate the spatial and temporal organization of RdDM within the nucleus.

Main Methods:

  • Genetic approaches to identify key components.
  • Biochemical assays to understand molecular interactions.
  • Analysis of siRNA biogenesis, scaffold RNA production, and effector complex assembly.

Main Results:

  • Identification of numerous components essential for siRNA biogenesis and scaffold RNA production.
  • Characterization of the effector complex assembly, involving siRNA-scaffold RNA pairing.
  • Discovery of novel molecular players and interactions within the RdDM pathway.
  • Evidence for spatial and temporal segregation of RdDM processes in the nucleus.

Conclusions:

  • The RdDM pathway is a complex, multi-component process crucial for epigenetic gene silencing in plants.
  • Recent advancements have expanded our understanding of RdDM players and their interactions.
  • The nuclear organization of RdDM suggests sophisticated regulation of this epigenetic mechanism.