HIV-1 reactivation in HIV-latently infected dendritic cells by oral microorganisms and LPS

Dendritic cells are critical components of the host defense system that play pivotal role in linking innate immunity to adaptive immune responses. In the role of interfacing with pathogens through the action of surface pattern-recognition receptors, dendritic cells are a potential target for retroviral infection and latency. Dendritic cells are a long-lived reservoir of latent virus in HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)-infected patients. It is hypothesized that HIV-latently infected dendritic cells would be stimulated by oral bacteria leading to reactivation of HIV. In our HIV-latently infected dendritic cell models, of both promoter activation and HIV production, significant differences were observed among the bacterial species in their ability to stimulate HIV reactivation. The experimental data support the hypothesis that oral bacteria related to periodontal infections could trigger latently infected dendritic cells in gingival tissues and contribute to HIV recrudescence and undermining anti-retroviral therapy.