Anthrax lethal factor activates K(+) channels to induce IL-1β secretion in macrophages

Anthrax lethal toxin (LeTx) is a virulence factor of Bacilillus anthracis that is a bivalent toxin, containing lethal factor (LF) and protective Ag proteins, which causes cytotoxicity and altered macrophage function. LeTx exposure results in early K(+) efflux from macrophages associated with caspase-1 activation and increased IL-1β release. The mechanism of this toxin-induced K(+) efflux is unknown. The goals of the current study were to determine whether LeTx-induced K(+) efflux from macrophages is mediated by toxin effects on specific K(+) channels and whether altered K(+)-channel activity is involved in LeTx-induced IL-1β release. Exposure of macrophages to LeTx induced a significant increase in the activities of two types of K(+) channels that have been identified in mouse macrophages: Ba(2+)-sensitive inwardly rectifying K(+) (Kir) channels and 4-aminopyridine-sensitive outwardly rectifying voltage-gated K(+) (Kv) channels. LeTx enhancement of both Kir and Kv required the proteolytic activity of LF, because exposure of macrophages to a mutant LF-protein (LF(E687C)) combined with protective Ag protein had no effect on the currents. Furthermore, blocking Kir and Kv channels significantly decreased LeTx-induced release of IL-1β. In addition, retroviral transduction of macrophages with wild-type Kir enhanced LeTx-induced release of IL-1β, whereas transduction of dominant-negative Kir blocked LeTx-induced release of IL-1β. Activation of caspase-1 was not required for LeTx-induced activation of either of the K(+) channels. These data indicate that a major mechanism through which LeTx stimulates macrophages to release IL-1β involves an LF-protease effect that enhances Kir and Kv channel function during toxin stimulation.