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Related Concept Videos

Toxicokinetics: Overview01:21

Toxicokinetics: Overview

Studies that assess how a drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted (ADME) at toxic doses are termed toxicokinetics. Understanding toxicokinetics helps predict adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and manage toxicity in humans.Toxicokinetics differs from pharmacokinetics mainly in the dose levels studied, with toxicokinetics focusing on higher toxic doses. The kinetics at these levels can be non-linear due to altered physiological processes. Toxicodynamics examines the relationship...
Toxicity Testing in Animals01:23

Toxicity Testing in Animals

Toxicity tests in animals are grounded on two main assumptions: first, the effects observed in laboratory animals can be extrapolated to humans, especially when adjusted for body surface area; second, high-dose exposure in animals is essential to identify potential human hazards from lower doses. This is based on the quantal dose-response concept, which faces the challenge of extrapolating results from relatively few test animals to much larger human populations. For example, a 0.01% incidence...
Drug Toxicity: Dose-Dependent Reactions01:24

Drug Toxicity: Dose-Dependent Reactions

Drug toxicities can be stratified into pharmacological, pathological, or genotoxic based on their mechanisms. The incidence and severity of these toxicities generally increase with the drug's concentration in the body and exposure time.Pharmacological toxicity is evident when the therapeutic effects of drugs overshoot into adverse reactions in a predictable, dose-dependent manner. Central nervous system (CNS) depression from barbiturates is a classic example, with effects escalating from...
Toxic Reactions: Overview01:26

Toxic Reactions: Overview

When toxic substances penetrate the human body, they disseminate to various tissues, undergoing metabolic changes. This process yields reactive metabolites that may covalently bind with specific target molecules, resulting in toxicity.
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Rapid Identification of Pathogens01:25

Rapid Identification of Pathogens

MALDI-TOF MS has transformed clinical microbiology by offering a rapid and reliable method for pathogen identification. The traditional approach to microbial identification typically involves time-consuming culture techniques and biochemical tests, which can delay the initiation of appropriate antimicrobial therapy. MALDI-TOF MS avoids these delays by using characteristic ribosomal protein mass patterns of microbial cells, enabling accurate species-level identification within minutes.Principle...

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Updated: Jun 3, 2026

In Situ Detection and Single Cell Quantification of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles Using Nuclear Microprobe Analysis
14:53

In Situ Detection and Single Cell Quantification of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles Using Nuclear Microprobe Analysis

Published on: February 3, 2018

Nanotoxicology--a pathologist's perspective.

Ann F Hubbs1, Robert R Mercer, Stanley A Benkovic

  • 1Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA. ahubbs@cdc.gov

Toxicologic Pathology
|March 23, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Nanotechnology products are rapidly advancing, but nanotoxicology, the study of their health effects, is lagging. Research indicates that smaller particle sizes can increase toxicity by altering cellular interactions and physiological responses.

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Detection and Quantification of Tunneling Nanotubes Using 3D Volume View Images
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Detection and Quantification of Tunneling Nanotubes Using 3D Volume View Images

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Last Updated: Jun 3, 2026

In Situ Detection and Single Cell Quantification of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles Using Nuclear Microprobe Analysis
14:53

In Situ Detection and Single Cell Quantification of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles Using Nuclear Microprobe Analysis

Published on: February 3, 2018

Detection and Quantification of Tunneling Nanotubes Using 3D Volume View Images
12:45

Detection and Quantification of Tunneling Nanotubes Using 3D Volume View Images

Published on: August 31, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Nanotechnology
  • Materials Science
  • Toxicology

Background:

  • Nanotechnology involves manufactured products at the nanoscale, with applications in engineering, cosmetics, and medicine.
  • The study of health effects (nanotoxicology) has not kept pace with nanotechnology advancements.
  • Existing research on ultrafine particles suggests nanosizing may increase toxicity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the pathology and toxicology of nanoparticulates.
  • To highlight the importance of understanding size and physiochemical properties for safe nanotechnology use.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on ultrafine particles and first-generation nanotechnology products.
  • Analysis of studies examining the effects of particle size on toxicity.

Main Results:

  • Nanosizing increases particulate surface area, enhancing dissolution and reactivity.
  • Nanoparticles can more easily cross cellular barriers and interact with subcellular structures like DNA.
  • Increased toxicity observed, including inflammation, fibrosis, genotoxicity, carcinogenicity, and altered cardiovascular/lymphatic function.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding nanoparticulate size and properties is crucial for safe nanotechnology development.
  • Nanosizing can significantly alter the bioactivity and toxicity of materials.