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Related Concept Videos

Erythropoiesis01:14

Erythropoiesis

Red blood cells  (RBCs) transport oxygen to all body tissues. These cells survive only for 120 days and then need to be replenished. Erythropoiesis is the process of RBC production. In healthy individuals, erythropoiesis ensures all tissues are amply supplied with oxygen. In addition, blood loss due to injury leads to a drop in the physiological oxygen level that will cause erythropoiesis. Any defect in erythropoiesis leads to several physiological disorders, including thalassemia, anemia, and...
Disorders of Erythrocytes01:27

Disorders of Erythrocytes

Disorders of erythrocytes, or red blood cells (RBCs), include a range of conditions affecting their number, shape, or function.
Erythrocyte disorders can be broadly categorized into two main types: anemic and polycythemic conditions.
A low oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood due to the loss, lower production, or destruction of erythrocytes is termed anemia. Hemorrhagic anemia, for example, occurs when bleeding from an external wound or internal ulcer reduces erythrocyte counts.
On the other...
Overview of Hematopoiesis01:20

Overview of Hematopoiesis

Hematopoiesis, or blood cell production, is a vital biological process that begins early in embryonic development and continues throughout life. This process generates the various types of cells found in blood, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs).
Developmental Phases of Hematopoiesis
Initially, HSCs are formed in the embryonic yolk sac, a critical site for early blood cell production. These stem cells subsequently migrate to other...
Lifecycle of Erythrocytes01:22

Lifecycle of Erythrocytes

Erythrocytes, also known as red blood cells, constantly move through blood capillaries. As a result, they damage their plasma membrane due to the continuous friction. Typically, after 100 to 120 days, erythrocytes become rigid and fragile as they wear out. As they pass through small vessels in the spleen and liver, they can get trapped and break apart into fragments.
The resident phagocytic macrophages deal with these damaged cells by engulfing them and separating their globin and heme groups.
Factors Affecting Erythropoiesis01:24

Factors Affecting Erythropoiesis

The cardiovascular system regulates the number of erythrocytes in the bloodstream to ensure optimal oxygen transport. It also prevents over-proliferation of these cells, which helps to maintain blood viscosity and flow rate.
Several factors influence the erythrocyte production rate, with tissue oxygen level being among the most critical. Intense exercise or high altitudes can cause tissue hypoxia, which triggers the kidneys to release more erythropoietin (EPO) into the bloodstream.
EPO then...
Structure and Function of Erythrocytes01:29

Structure and Function of Erythrocytes

There are between 4.2 and 6 million erythrocytes, also known as red blood cells, in every microliter of blood. These cells are small, flattened biconcave discs with centers that are depressed.
The erythrocyte plasma membrane is associated with proteins such as spectrin, which forms a flexible cytoplasmic meshwork. This meshwork allows erythrocytes to twist, turn, become cup-shaped, and regain their biconcave shape as they pass through narrow capillaries. Additionally, erythrocytes can form...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Database-guided Flow-cytometry for Evaluation of Bone Marrow Myeloid Cell Maturation
12:05

Database-guided Flow-cytometry for Evaluation of Bone Marrow Myeloid Cell Maturation

Published on: November 3, 2018

Normal and disordered reticulocyte maturation.

Paul A Ney1

  • 1Department of Biochemistry, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA. paul.ney@stjude.org

Current Opinion in Hematology
|March 23, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Reticulocyte remodeling involves vesicular trafficking and selective autophagy for cellular renewal. These processes are crucial for enucleation and organelle elimination during erythroid development.

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Ex vivo Mimicry of Normal and Abnormal Human Hematopoiesis
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Last Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Database-guided Flow-cytometry for Evaluation of Bone Marrow Myeloid Cell Maturation
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Database-guided Flow-cytometry for Evaluation of Bone Marrow Myeloid Cell Maturation

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A Comprehensive Pipeline to Assess the Efficiency of Human Erythropoiesis In Vitro and Ex Vivo
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A Comprehensive Pipeline to Assess the Efficiency of Human Erythropoiesis In Vitro and Ex Vivo

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Ex vivo Mimicry of Normal and Abnormal Human Hematopoiesis
11:50

Ex vivo Mimicry of Normal and Abnormal Human Hematopoiesis

Published on: April 10, 2012

Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Hematology

Background:

  • Reticulocyte remodeling is a key process for understanding cellular dynamics.
  • Vesicular trafficking and selective autophagy are fundamental mechanisms in mammalian cells.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advances in reticulocyte remodeling.
  • To elucidate the role of vesicular trafficking and selective autophagy in erythroid development.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies on reticulocyte remodeling.
  • Analysis of mechanisms of enucleation, mitochondrial elimination, and plasma membrane remodeling.

Main Results:

  • Enucleation results from vesicle coalescence and microfilament contraction.
  • Mitochondrial elimination occurs via selective autophagy, degradation, and exocytosis.
  • Exosomal pathways mediate plasma membrane remodeling and organelle elimination.

Conclusions:

  • Vesicular trafficking and selective autophagy are central to cellular remodeling in reticulocytes.
  • Enucleation and organelle elimination are key events in reticulocytes.
  • Autophagy pathways show redundancy with vesicular nucleation in higher eukaryotes.