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Related Concept Videos

Vision01:24

Vision

Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways01:22

Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways

At the molecular level, visual signals trigger transformations in photopigment molecules, resulting in changes in the photoreceptor cell's membrane potential. The photon's energy level is denoted by its wavelength, with each specific wavelength of visible light associated with a distinct color. The spectral range of visible light, classified as electromagnetic radiation, spans from 380 to 720 nm. Electromagnetic radiation wavelengths exceeding 720 nm fall under the infrared category, whereas...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Monocular Visual Deprivation and Ocular Dominance Plasticity Measurement in the Mouse Primary Visual Cortex
08:42

Monocular Visual Deprivation and Ocular Dominance Plasticity Measurement in the Mouse Primary Visual Cortex

Published on: February 8, 2020

Experience-dependent changes in excitatory and inhibitory receptor subunit expression in visual cortex.

Brett R Beston1, David G Jones, Kathryn M Murphy

  • 1McMaster Integrative Neuroscience Discovery and Study Program, McMaster University Hamilton, ON, Canada.

Frontiers in Synaptic Neuroscience
|March 23, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Monocular deprivation alters visual cortex development by changing excitatory and inhibitory receptor balance. This abnormal synaptic machinery impacts functional maturation and plasticity, potentially requiring multifaceted treatments for amblyopia.

Keywords:
AMPAGABAANMDAamblyopiadevelopmentexcitatory–inhibitory balancemonocular deprivationplasticity

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In Vivo Two-photon Imaging Of Experience-dependent Molecular Changes In Cortical Neurons

Published on: January 5, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Biology
  • Synaptic Plasticity

Background:

  • Visual cortex development relies on balanced excitatory and inhibitory activity, regulated by NMDA, AMPA, and GABA(A) receptors.
  • Developmental changes in receptor composition influence the excitatory-inhibitory (E/I) balance and synaptic plasticity.
  • The impact of abnormal visual experience on this E/I balance during development was previously unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how abnormal visual experience, specifically monocular deprivation, affects the developmental trajectory of excitatory and inhibitory receptor subunits in the visual cortex.
  • To quantify changes in key receptor subunits (NR1, NR2A, NR2B, GluR2, GABA(A)α1, GABA(A)α3) following normal and deprived visual experience across different ages.
  • To characterize the multidimensional patterns of experience-dependent synaptic changes using a neuroinformatics approach.

Main Methods:

  • Western blot analysis was employed to quantify the expression levels of specific excitatory and inhibitory receptor subunits.
  • Monocular deprivation was used as a model for abnormal visual experience in developing animals.
  • Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to analyze the complex, multidimensional patterns of receptor subunit expression changes.

Main Results:

  • Monocular deprivation induced age-dependent changes in receptor subunit expression, most pronounced in the central visual field representation.
  • PCA revealed that monocular deprivation bypasses normal developmental pathways, shifts the E/I balance towards inhibition, and accelerates receptor subunit maturation.
  • Significant alterations in the expression of NMDA, AMPA, and GABA(A) receptor subunits were observed.

Conclusions:

  • Monocular deprivation leads to an abnormal balance of synaptic components crucial for visual cortex maturation and plasticity.
  • The findings suggest that amblyopia treatment may necessitate interventions targeting multiple synaptic mechanisms for optimal recovery.
  • Altered E/I balance and accelerated maturation of synaptic machinery highlight the profound impact of early visual experience on cortical development.