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Related Concept Videos

Toxic Reactions: Overview01:26

Toxic Reactions: Overview

When toxic substances penetrate the human body, they disseminate to various tissues, undergoing metabolic changes. This process yields reactive metabolites that may covalently bind with specific target molecules, resulting in toxicity.
Toxicity falls into two primary categories: local and systemic.
Local toxicity appears at the exposure site, such as protein denaturation caused by caustic substances.
In contrast, systemic toxicity requires the toxic agent's absorption and distribution,...
Non-Oral Extravascular Drug Absorption Routes01:15

Non-Oral Extravascular Drug Absorption Routes

Non-oral extravascular routes, which encompass sublingual, buccal, topical, intramuscular, and inhalation methods, primarily utilize passive diffusion to transport drugs into the systemic circulation. The absorption rates and effectiveness of these routes depend on the drug's physicochemical properties, as well as the patient's anatomical and pathophysiological state.
Lipophilic drugs that are stable at salivary pH (6) and exhibit minimal binding to the oral mucosa are absorbed more effectively...
Drug Absorption: Overview01:17

Drug Absorption: Overview

The process of drug absorption signifies the transition of a drug from its site of administration into the plasma. This process is influenced by various factors, including the route of administration, the anatomy of the absorption site, the mechanism of absorption, gut motility, and the drug's physicochemical properties.
When drugs are injected intravenously, they directly enter the systemic circulation. Alternatively, orally administered drugs navigate through the gastrointestinal (GI) tract.
Toxicokinetics: Overview01:21

Toxicokinetics: Overview

Studies that assess how a drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted (ADME) at toxic doses are termed toxicokinetics. Understanding toxicokinetics helps predict adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and manage toxicity in humans.Toxicokinetics differs from pharmacokinetics mainly in the dose levels studied, with toxicokinetics focusing on higher toxic doses. The kinetics at these levels can be non-linear due to altered physiological processes. Toxicodynamics examines the relationship...
Drug Toxicity: Dose-Dependent Reactions01:24

Drug Toxicity: Dose-Dependent Reactions

Drug toxicities can be stratified into pharmacological, pathological, or genotoxic based on their mechanisms. The incidence and severity of these toxicities generally increase with the drug's concentration in the body and exposure time.Pharmacological toxicity is evident when the therapeutic effects of drugs overshoot into adverse reactions in a predictable, dose-dependent manner. Central nervous system (CNS) depression from barbiturates is a classic example, with effects escalating from...
Factors Influencing Drug Absorption: Presystemic Elimination01:24

Factors Influencing Drug Absorption: Presystemic Elimination

The pharmacokinetic journey of oral drugs begins with a crucial first pass through the hepatic portal system, called the first-pass effect. This first pass significantly impacts bioavailability — the proportion of a drug that enters systemic circulation and is available for therapeutic action. The primary route sees the drug absorbed by intestinal membranes and then shunted to the liver via the hepatic portal vein. Here, pre-systemic elimination occurs as drugs face metabolism or biliary...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Visualizing and Quantifying Pharmaceutical Compounds within Skin using Coherent Raman Scattering Imaging
11:07

Visualizing and Quantifying Pharmaceutical Compounds within Skin using Coherent Raman Scattering Imaging

Published on: November 24, 2021

Topical absorption and systemic toxicity.

Fatima Sasha Alikhan1, Howard Maibach

  • 1Columbia University, Mailman School of Public Health, NY, NY 10032, USA. fsalikhan@gmail.com

Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology
|March 24, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Dermal absorption of chemicals, including pesticides and medications, can lead to unexpected systemic toxicity. Increased reporting and further studies are crucial for understanding and mitigating these risks.

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Topical Application Bioassay to Quantify Insecticide Toxicity for Mosquitoes and Fruit Flies
09:37

Topical Application Bioassay to Quantify Insecticide Toxicity for Mosquitoes and Fruit Flies

Published on: January 19, 2022

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Last Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Visualizing and Quantifying Pharmaceutical Compounds within Skin using Coherent Raman Scattering Imaging
11:07

Visualizing and Quantifying Pharmaceutical Compounds within Skin using Coherent Raman Scattering Imaging

Published on: November 24, 2021

Topical Application Bioassay to Quantify Insecticide Toxicity for Mosquitoes and Fruit Flies
09:37

Topical Application Bioassay to Quantify Insecticide Toxicity for Mosquitoes and Fruit Flies

Published on: January 19, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Toxicology
  • Dermatology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Dermal absorption of chemicals and drugs can result in systemic toxicity.
  • Case reports over the past decade highlight local and systemic effects from topical exposure.
  • Limited post-marketing epidemiological data exists for chemically related adverse effects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate case reports on dermal absorption of chemicals and their potential effects.
  • To emphasize the need for awareness regarding non-apparent topical absorption effects.
  • To recommend further research for causality and establishing safe exposure levels.

Main Methods:

  • Review of case reports from the past decade concerning dermal absorption.
  • Focus on exposure to herbicides, pesticides, cutaneous medications, occupational contact, and cosmeceuticals.
  • Analysis of potential local and systemic effects.

Main Results:

  • Causality between dermal absorption and adverse effects is often not established in reviewed cases.
  • Potential for non-apparent local and systemic effects from topical absorption exists.
  • Significant limitations in post-marketing epidemiological data were identified.

Conclusions:

  • Awareness of potential systemic toxicity from dermal absorption is critical.
  • Further studies are recommended to establish causality, no observed adverse affect levels (NOAEL), and reference doses (RfD).
  • Enhancing the reporting and workup of alleged chemical-related adverse effects is essential for public health and supports preclinical/clinical findings.