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Hepatic Encephalopathy

DefinitionHepatic encephalopathy is a reversible neurologic syndrome that results from advanced liver dysfunction or portosystemic shunting. It leads to disturbances in cognition, behavior, and motor function due to the brain’s exposure to gut-derived toxins that the liver fails to detoxify.EtiologyThis condition develops either in the setting of acute fulminant hepatitis or progressively during chronic liver disease, such as cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Portosystemic shunting—including...
Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

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Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
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Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
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Sequencing of the human genome has opened up several best-kept secrets of the genome. Scientists have identified thousands of genome variations that exist within a population. These variations can be a single nucleotide or a larger chromosomal variation.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 3, 2026

A Novel Strategy Combining Array-CGH, Whole-exome Sequencing and In Utero Electroporation in Rodents to Identify Causative Genes for Brain Malformations
08:22

A Novel Strategy Combining Array-CGH, Whole-exome Sequencing and In Utero Electroporation in Rodents to Identify Causative Genes for Brain Malformations

Published on: December 1, 2017

Encephalopathy and SCN1A mutations.

Shan Tang1, Jean Pierre Lin, Elaine Hughes

  • 1Department of Paediatric Neurology, Evelina Children's Hospital, London, UK. tang.ss@gmail.com

Epilepsia
|March 24, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Sudden neurologic decline in children with SCN1A mutations can occur after seizures or sepsis. Cerebellar abnormalities on imaging suggest this brain region may be particularly vulnerable in these epilepsy patients.

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A Behavioral Screen for Heat-Induced Seizures in Mouse Models of Epilepsy
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Published on: July 12, 2021

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Last Updated: Jun 3, 2026

A Novel Strategy Combining Array-CGH, Whole-exome Sequencing and In Utero Electroporation in Rodents to Identify Causative Genes for Brain Malformations
08:22

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A Behavioral Screen for Heat-Induced Seizures in Mouse Models of Epilepsy
06:58

A Behavioral Screen for Heat-Induced Seizures in Mouse Models of Epilepsy

Published on: July 12, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Genetics
  • Pediatric Neurology

Background:

  • Sodium channel alpha 1 subunit (SCN1A) gene mutations are linked to various epilepsy syndromes.
  • Understanding the neurological complications associated with SCN1A mutations is crucial for patient management.

Observation:

  • Three pediatric cases with distinct SCN1A mutations presented with acute neurologic regression.
  • Two patients experienced regression after status epilepticus, while one developed it following sepsis.

Findings:

  • Neuroimaging revealed cerebral ischemia in one case and cerebellar signal abnormalities in the other two.
  • The pattern of cerebellar white matter changes suggests potential regional susceptibility to injury.

Implications:

  • This study expands the understanding of SCN1A-related epilepsy, highlighting diverse mechanisms of acute neurological deterioration.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the spectrum and underlying mechanisms of functional deficits in SCN1A mutation carriers.