Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Applying an Inducible Expression System to Study Interference of Bacterial Virulence Factors with Intracellular Signaling
08:51

Applying an Inducible Expression System to Study Interference of Bacterial Virulence Factors with Intracellular Signaling

Published on: June 25, 2015

Yessotoxin as an apoptotic inducer

Mónica Suárez Korsnes1, Arild Espenes

  • 1The Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, P.O. Box 8146 Dep., N-0033 Oslo, Norway. monica.suarez.korsnes@nvh.no

Toxicon : Official Journal of the International Society on Toxinology
|March 24, 2011
PubMed

Insights

Marine toxin yessotoxin (YTX) induces programmed cell death (apoptosis) in various cells, including cancer cells. Further research is needed to fully understand the specific cell-death pathways and their therapeutic potential.

Area of Science:

  • Marine Biology
  • Cell Biology
  • Toxicology

Background:

  • Yessotoxin (YTX) is a marine toxin known to affect cellular processes.
  • Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is a critical cellular mechanism.
  • Understanding YTX's effects on apoptosis is crucial for toxicological and therapeutic insights.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize current knowledge on how YTX induces apoptosis across different cell types.
  • To explore potential research directions for YTX-induced apoptosis.
  • To investigate the cell-specific mechanisms of YTX-induced cell death.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on YTX and apoptosis.
  • Analysis of YTX's effects on various cellular systems, including cancer cells.
  • Examination of known and potential apoptotic pathways involved.

Main Results:

  • YTX induces apoptosis in a diverse range of cell types, including cancer cells.
  • The precise apoptotic pathways activated by YTX are not fully elucidated and appear to be cell-specific.
  • The mitochondrial pathway is implicated in YTX-induced apoptosis in myoblast cell lines.

Conclusions:

  • YTX is a potent inducer of apoptosis across multiple cell types.
  • Further investigation into YTX-induced signaling pathways and their cross-talk is warranted.
  • Elucidating YTX's mechanisms of cell death induction may reveal novel therapeutic targets.

More Related Videos

Identification of Intracellular Signaling Events Induced in Viable Cells by Interaction with Neighboring Cells Undergoing Apoptotic Cell Death09:18

Identification of Intracellular Signaling Events Induced in Viable Cells by Interaction with Neighboring Cells Undergoing Apoptotic Cell Death

Published on: December 27, 2016

Enhancement of Apoptotic and Autophagic Induction by a Novel Synthetic C-1 Analogue of 7-deoxypancratistatin in Human Breast Adenocarcinoma and Neuroblastoma Cells with Tamoxifen19:44

Enhancement of Apoptotic and Autophagic Induction by a Novel Synthetic C-1 Analogue of 7-deoxypancratistatin in Human Breast Adenocarcinoma and Neuroblastoma Cells with Tamoxifen

Published on: May 30, 2012

Related Concept Videos

The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:17

The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated when extracellular death-inducing signals, such as specific cytokines, activate the death receptors expressed on the cell surface. The immune cells involved in this pathway are natural killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. NK cells are critical in innate immune response, while cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are associated with adaptive immune response. These cells recognize specific receptors expressed on the altered cells and activate...
The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:31

The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

Internal cellular stress, such as cellular injury or hypoxia, triggers intrinsic apoptosis. The B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family of proteins are the primary regulators of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. For example, during DNA damage, checkpoint proteins, such as Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM protein) and Checkpoints Factor-2 (Chk2) proteins, are activated. These proteins phosphorylate p53 which further activates pro-apoptotic proteins, such as Bax, Bak, PUMA, and Noxa, and inhibits...
Apoptosis01:30

Apoptosis

Apoptosis is a combination of two Greek words, 'apo' and 'ptosis,' meaning separation and falling off, respectively. Hippocrates used this word to describe gangrene, which was caused due to bandaging of fractured bones. Apoptosis was distinguished from necrosis in 1970 when John Kerr reported observations of morphological changes occurring during apoptosis. During one experiment, he observed that the disruption of blood supply to the liver tissue resulted in a size reduction of the tissue.
Caspases01:24

Caspases

Caspase, a family of cysteine proteases, serve as effectors in apoptosis. The ced3 gene in C.elegans was first identified to be involved in apoptosis. This gene encodes the ced-3 caspase that is similar to the interleukin-1-beta converting enzyme or ICE in mammals. In addition to apoptosis, caspases also function in the inflammatory response. Inflammatory caspases are essential in activating pro-inflammatory cytokines that recruit immune cells and block the replication of pathogens inside cells.
Autophagic Cell Death01:18

Autophagic Cell Death

Christian de Duve discovered “autophagy,” a process in which cellular components are engulfed by membrane-bound organelles called autophagosomes. The autophagosomes then fuse with lysosomes to digest the enclosed contents. Autophagy is generally activated in cells to prevent cell death. However, cell death is triggered when the damage is beyond repair.
Autophagy and Apoptosis
Autophagy can activate apoptosis. In normal conditions, the autophagy activating protein Beclin-1 and pro-apoptotic...
Cellular Injury V: Apoptosis and Autophagy01:22

Cellular Injury V: Apoptosis and Autophagy

Cells respond to damage and stress through highly coordinated processes that decide whether they survive or undergo controlled self-destruction. Two major pathways involved in this regulation are apoptosis, a type of programmed cell death, and autophagy, a survival mechanism that helps cells adapt to adverse conditions.ApoptosisApoptosis removes aged or injured cells to maintain tissue balance. During this process, the cell shrinks, chromatin condenses and fragments, and membrane-bound...