Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Accessory Structures of the Eye

Accessory Structures of the Eye

Optical perception, or vision, is an extraordinary sense dependent on converting light signals received via the ocular organs. These organs, known as eyes, are securely positioned within the bony cavities of the skull, called orbits. The orbits serve a dual purpose: a protective shield for the ocular globes and a stable attachment point for the soft ocular tissues. The eye's external protective mechanisms include the eyelids, which are edged with lashes that act as a barrier against foreign...

Focusing of Light in the Eye

Focusing of Light in the Eye

Light rays enter the eye through the cornea, a transparent dome-shaped tissue that is the eye's outermost layer. The cornea bends or refracts, light rays traveling to the pupil. The shape of the cornea determines how much of the light is bent and whether the image will be focused correctly on the retina at the back of the eye. Once the light has passed through both refraction layers, it converges into a single focal point onto a small area. This is where photoreceptors start transforming...

Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways

Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways

At the molecular level, visual signals trigger transformations in photopigment molecules, resulting in changes in the photoreceptor cell's membrane potential. The photon's energy level is denoted by its wavelength, with each specific wavelength of visible light associated with a distinct color. The spectral range of visible light, classified as electromagnetic radiation, spans from 380 to 720 nm. Electromagnetic radiation wavelengths exceeding 720 nm fall under the infrared category, whereas...

Angle Closure Glaucoma: Treatment

Angle Closure Glaucoma: Treatment

Angle-closure glaucoma, or closed-angle glaucoma, is an eye condition where the iris bulges out and blocks the iridocorneal angle, resulting in a buildup of aqueous humor and increased intraocular pressure. Immediate medical attention is necessary due to the sudden onset of symptoms. The treatment for angle-closure glaucoma includes short-term and long-term approaches. Short-term treatment involves using eye drops like pilocarpine to lower intraocular pressure by increasing aqueous humor...

Glaucoma: Overview

Glaucoma: Overview

Glaucoma is an eye condition characterized by increased intraocular pressure that damages the retina and optic nerve, leading to irreversible blindness if left untreated. The human eye has various components, including the cornea, iris, pupil, lens, and optic nerve. Aqueous humor is secreted by the epithelium of the ciliary body in the posterior chamber and flows through the trabecular meshwork and canal of Schlemm, maintaining normal intraocular pressure. The trabecular meshwork and the canal...

Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment

Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment

In open-angle glaucoma, the iridocorneal angle remains open, but the trabecular meshwork becomes stiff, slowing down the outflow of aqueous humor. This causes a buildup of aqueous humor in the anterior chamber, leading to a sudden increase in intraocular pressure. The treatment for open-angle glaucoma focuses on reducing the elevated intraocular pressure by either decreasing the secretion of aqueous humor or increasing its outflow.
Drugs such as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, α2- and...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

The relationship between napping and memory varies as a function of genetic risk for Alzheimer's disease.

Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD·2026

Same author

Biomarkers.

Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association·2025

Same author

Effect of brief dog-assisted interventions on psychobiological indicators of stress: a systematic review.

Anxiety, stress, and coping·2025

Same author

A central role of sulcal width in the associations of sleep duration and depression with cognition in mid to late life.

Sleep advances : a journal of the Sleep Research Society·2024

Same author

Evaluation of AID-COM, a communication-focused program for family carers of people with early-stage Alzheimer's disease: A pilot study (innovative practice).

Dementia (London, England)·2019

Same author

Assessing clinical reasoning in optometry using the script concordance test.

Clinical & experimental optometry·2016

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Development of an In Vitro Ocular Platform to Test Contact Lenses

Development of an In Vitro Ocular Platform to Test Contact Lenses

Published on: April 6, 2016

Development of professional expertise in optometry.

Caroline Faucher¹

¹Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada. caroline.faucher@umontreal.ca

Optometry (St. Louis, Mo.)

|March 29, 2011

Summary

Professional expertise develops through distinct stages, from novice to expert, in optometry. Individual motivation and community collaboration are key to advancing optometric professional development.

Area of Science:

Optometric Education
Professional Development
Expertise Studies

Background:

Professional expertise development is a transition from novice to expert.
No prior studies on optometric expertise exist, unlike other health professions.
Existing research in nursing, medicine, and therapy informs this overview.

Purpose of the Study:

To provide an overview of professional expertise development.
To highlight applications of expertise development models for optometry.

Main Methods:

This report synthesizes existing literature on professional expertise.
It applies a 5-level scale of expertise development to optometry.
The scale is divided into student progression and practice years.

More Related Videos

$Comparison of Agreement and Accuracy using Binocular Wavefront Optometer with Autorefractor and Phoropter$

Comparison of Agreement and Accuracy using Binocular Wavefront Optometer with Autorefractor and Phoropter

Published on: September 16, 2025

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Development of an In Vitro Ocular Platform to Test Contact Lenses

Development of an In Vitro Ocular Platform to Test Contact Lenses

Published on: April 6, 2016

$Comparison of Agreement and Accuracy using Binocular Wavefront Optometer with Autorefractor and Phoropter$

Comparison of Agreement and Accuracy using Binocular Wavefront Optometer with Autorefractor and Phoropter

Published on: September 16, 2025

Main Results:

A 5-level scale (novice, intermediate, competent, advanced, expert) describes optometric expertise.
Individual factors like interest, motivation, and deliberate practice are crucial.
Collective efforts, including university training, continuing education, and collaboration, foster expertise.

Conclusions:

Professional development is integral to the Optometric Oath.
Every clinical case presents a learning opportunity.
Optometrists' attitudes significantly influence progression through expertise levels.