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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Scanning Skeletal Remains for Bone Mineral Density in Forensic Contexts

Scanning Skeletal Remains for Bone Mineral Density in Forensic Contexts

Published on: January 29, 2018

Scuba diving does not affect bone mineral density or bone mineral content.

Katarzyna Wesolowska¹, Bozena Czarkowska-Paczek, Jerzy Przedlacki

¹Department of Biophysics and Human Physiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.

Joint Bone Spine

|March 29, 2011

Summary

Professional scuba divers showed no negative effects on bone mineral density (BMD) or bone mineral content (BMC). This study indicates that scuba diving does not adversely impact bone health in these athletes.

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Area of Science:

Orthopedics
Sports Medicine
Physiology

Background:

Scuba diving imposes unique stresses on the skeletal system, including hydrostatic pressure and altered weight conditions.
Previous research on the effects of scuba diving on bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) has yielded conflicting results.
Limited studies have investigated the long-term skeletal impact on professional divers.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate and compare BMD and BMC in professional scuba divers versus a non-diving control group.
To determine if regular scuba diving activity affects skeletal health markers.

Main Methods:

Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was used to assess BMD and BMC.
The study included 16 male professional scuba divers (diving group) and 14 matched male non-divers (control group).
Measurements were taken for the whole skeleton, lumbar spine (L1-L4), total hip, and femoral neck.

Main Results:

No significant differences in BMD or BMC were observed between the diving and non-diving groups.
BMD and BMC values in both groups fell within one standard deviation of Z- and T-scores.
No correlation was found between total diving time and BMD in the diving group.

Conclusions:

Scuba diving does not appear to negatively influence bone turnover or density.
Professional scuba diving, as assessed in this cohort, does not lead to detrimental changes in bone mineral density or content.