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Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Assessment of Cocaine-induced Behavioral Sensitization and Conditioned Place Preference in Mice

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Published on: February 18, 2016

Desensitization protocols and their outcome.

Kwaku Marfo¹, Amy Lu, Min Ling

¹Einstein/Montefiore Transplant Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York 10467, USA.

Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN

|March 29, 2011

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Kidney transplantation across incompatible barriers is rising due to donor shortages. While short-term survival is good, desensitization protocols show higher rejection rates, prompting exploration of new agents and kidney paired exchange programs.

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Area of Science:

Nephrology
Immunology
Transplantation

Background:

Organ donor shortages drive transplantation across incompatible barriers.
Advances in antibody detection and understanding of rejection have enabled desensitization protocols.
Desensitization aims to improve outcomes for patients with donor-specific anti-HLA antibodies (DSAs).

Purpose of the Study:

To review manuscripts on desensitized kidney transplant patients published since 2000.
To discuss clinical outcomes, including rejection rates and survival.
To evaluate new therapeutic agents and kidney paired exchange programs for sensitized patients.

Main Methods:

Systematic review of 21 retrospective, single-center studies (2000-2010).
Analysis of 725 patients undergoing kidney transplantation with desensitization protocols.
Examination of patient and graft survival, acute and chronic antibody-mediated rejection (AMR), and DSA strength.

Main Results:

Short-term patient (95%) and graft (86%) survival at 2 years were observed.
High rates of acute rejection (36%) and acute AMR (28%) were noted, exceeding those in non-sensitized patients.
Longer-term follow-up and protocol biopsies revealed increased subclinical and chronic AMR, linked to DSA strength.

Conclusions:

Desensitization offers acceptable short-term survival but carries significant risks of acute and chronic antibody-mediated rejection.
New agents like bortezomib and eculizumab are being introduced, but kidney paired exchange is a primary consideration for sensitized patients.
Further research is needed to optimize long-term success and management strategies for desensitized kidney transplant recipients.