Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Retrovirus Life Cycles01:10

Retrovirus Life Cycles

Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the retrovirus to...
Sexually Transmitted Infections01:26

Sexually Transmitted Infections

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are diseases transmitted primarily through unsafe sexual interactions. Bacteria, viruses, or parasites cause them and can result in severe health complications if untreated.ChlamydiaThe bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis is responsible for the disease Chlamydia, the most common STI in the United States. This peculiar pathogen requires human cells to reproduce, residing intracellularly. The initial infection often goes unnoticed because it typically does not...
Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics01:29

Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics

Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.
Inhibitors of Virion Maturation and Assembly01:19

Inhibitors of Virion Maturation and Assembly

As part of their replication cycle, certain viruses synthesize long precursor proteins called polyproteins within infected host cells. In human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), two major polyproteins are produced: Gag and Gag-Pol. The Gag polyprotein supplies the structural components of the virus, while Gag-Pol includes essential viral enzymes such as reverse transcriptase, integrase, and protease. After synthesis, these polyproteins move to the host cell membrane, where they assemble into an...
Inhibitors of Viral Protein Synthesis01:30

Inhibitors of Viral Protein Synthesis

Protein synthesis is indispensable for viral replication, as viruses lack the cellular machinery required for this process and must hijack the host's translational apparatus. In response, host cells deploy a critical innate immune defense involving interferons, specialized cytokines that play a central role in inhibiting viral propagation.Upon viral detection, infected cells release interferons that bind to receptors on adjacent uninfected cells, activating the JAK-STAT signaling pathway and...
Cryptococcal Meningitis01:27

Cryptococcal Meningitis

Cryptococcal meningitis is a life-threatening opportunistic infection predominantly associated with HIV/AIDS, accounting for over 100,000 deaths annually worldwide. However, it also affects individuals with other forms of immunosuppression, including those undergoing immunosuppressive therapy, organ transplant recipients, patients with innate immunodeficiencies, and individuals with hematological disorders. The infection is caused mainly by Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii,...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Women are taking the hit: Examining the unique consequences of cannabis use across the female lifespan.

Frontiers in neuroendocrinology·2023
Same author

Efficacy of Withania somnifera supplementation on adult's cognition and mood.

Journal of Ayurveda and integrative medicine·2021
Same author

Reducing risk of Type 2 diabetes in HIV: a mixed-methods investigation of the STOP-Diabetes diet and physical activity intervention.

Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association·2019
Same author

Recruiting the ABCD sample: Design considerations and procedures.

Developmental cognitive neuroscience·2018
Same author

Update of the Patient-Reported Outcome and Quality of Life Instruments Database (PROQOLID): Integration of The New COA Taxonomy - The Clinro Example.

Value in health : the journal of the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research·2016
Same author

ECOA Licensing: Lessons Learned from the Copyright of COA Translations and Specificities of ECOAS.

Value in health : the journal of the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research·2016
Same journal

Institutional Patriarchy, Gender Barriers, and Nigeria's Oral Health Workforce.

Advances in dental research·2025
Same journal

Sex, Gender and Sexuality in Oral Health Research: Setting the Scene.

Advances in dental research·2025
Same journal

Beyond Demographics: Sex, Gender, and Sexuality in Oral Health Research.

Advances in dental research·2025
Same journal

Conceptualisations of Sex and Gender in Oral Health Research.

Advances in dental research·2025
Same journal

Analysing the Interaction of Sex and Laboratory Conditions in Animal Research.

Advances in dental research·2025
Same journal

Advancing Oral Health Workforce Equity in Gender and Sexual Orientation.

Advances in dental research·2025
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Oral Combinational Antiretroviral Treatment in HIV-1 Infected Humanized Mice
06:07

Oral Combinational Antiretroviral Treatment in HIV-1 Infected Humanized Mice

Published on: October 6, 2022

Therapy for HIV: past, present, and future.

B S Peters1, K Conway

  • 1Department of Infectious Diseases, King's College London, London, UK. Barry.Peters@kcl.ac.uk

Advances in Dental Research
|March 29, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) transformed HIV treatment, significantly improving patient health and longevity. Newer HAART regimens offer improved adherence, fewer side effects, and wider accessibility.

More Related Videos

Rapid Screening of HIV Reverse Transcriptase and Integrase Inhibitors
05:46

Rapid Screening of HIV Reverse Transcriptase and Integrase Inhibitors

Published on: April 9, 2014

Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship, Activity Prediction, and Molecular Dynamics of Non-nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
10:29

Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship, Activity Prediction, and Molecular Dynamics of Non-nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors

Published on: May 9, 2025

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Oral Combinational Antiretroviral Treatment in HIV-1 Infected Humanized Mice
06:07

Oral Combinational Antiretroviral Treatment in HIV-1 Infected Humanized Mice

Published on: October 6, 2022

Rapid Screening of HIV Reverse Transcriptase and Integrase Inhibitors
05:46

Rapid Screening of HIV Reverse Transcriptase and Integrase Inhibitors

Published on: April 9, 2014

Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship, Activity Prediction, and Molecular Dynamics of Non-nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
10:29

Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship, Activity Prediction, and Molecular Dynamics of Non-nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors

Published on: May 9, 2025

Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Virology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Early HIV therapies using nucleoside analogues as single or dual agents were insufficient for disease control.
  • The introduction of protease inhibitors enabled the development of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), a triple-drug regimen.
  • HAART dramatically reduced viral replication, improved immune function, and increased life expectancy for individuals with HIV.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the evolution of HIV treatment from early nucleoside analogues to HAART.
  • To discuss the benefits and drawbacks of HAART, including adherence, cost, side effects, and lipodystrophy.
  • To highlight recent advancements in HAART and explore future directions in HIV management.

Main Methods:

  • Review of historical data on HIV treatment strategies.
  • Analysis of the impact of HAART on viral load, immune recovery, and patient outcomes.
  • Examination of challenges associated with HAART, such as drug resistance and side effects.
  • Assessment of recent improvements in HAART accessibility, adherence, and tolerability.

Main Results:

  • HAART significantly suppressed HIV replication and led to substantial immune system recovery.
  • Life expectancy for individuals with HIV increased due to the effectiveness of HAART.
  • Initial HAART challenges included strict adherence requirements, high costs, and significant side effects like lipodystrophy.
  • Recent advancements have improved adherence, reduced side effects, and increased global access to HAART.

Conclusions:

  • HAART represents a major breakthrough in managing HIV infection, transforming it into a chronic manageable condition.
  • Ongoing research focuses on optimizing HAART initiation, developing drugs with fewer side effects, and exploring novel therapeutic approaches like immunotherapy.