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Related Concept Videos

Asymmetric Lipid Bilayer01:35

Asymmetric Lipid Bilayer

Biological membranes show uneven distribution of different types of lipids in the inner and outer layers, resulting in transverse asymmetric membranes. The treatment of the erythrocyte membrane with the enzyme phospholipase confirmed the asymmetric nature of the lipid bilayer. The enzyme hydrolyzes lipids into fatty acids and hydrophilic groups. The phospholipase acts only on the outer layer of the membrane, while the inner layer remains intact. The phospholipase treatment resulted in 80%...
Membrane Domains01:18

Membrane Domains

The membrane domains concentrate specific lipids and proteins at one place within the membrane, which helps in cell signaling, adhesion, and other critical cellular processes. These domains can differ in size, composition, function, and lifespan.
Protein Domains
The membrane comprises a group of distinct proteins responsible for carrying out a cell's specific function. For example, the plasma membrane of the human sperm, or a single germ cell, contains a unique set of proteins in the anterior...
Fluid Mosaic Model01:19

Fluid Mosaic Model

Scientists identified the plasma membrane in the 1890s and its principal chemical components (lipids and proteins) by 1915. The model for plasma membrane structure, proposed in 1935 by Hugh Davson and James Danielli, was the first model to be widely accepted in the scientific community. The model was based on the plasma membrane's "railroad track" appearance in early electron micrographs. Davson and Danielli theorized that the plasma membrane's structure resembled a sandwich with the analogy of...
Membrane Fluidity01:26

Membrane Fluidity

Membrane fluidity is explained by the fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane, which describes the plasma membrane structure as a mosaic of components—including phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, and carbohydrates—that gives the membrane a fluid character.
Mosaic nature of the membrane
The mosaic characteristic of the membrane helps the plasma membrane remain fluid. The integral proteins and lipids exist as separate but loosely-attached molecules in the membrane. The membrane is a relatively...
Membrane Fluidity01:23

Membrane Fluidity

Cell membranes are composed of phospholipids, proteins, and carbohydrates loosely attached to one another through chemical interactions. Molecules are generally able to move about in the plane of the membrane, giving the membrane its flexible nature called fluidity. Two other features of the membrane contribute to membrane fluidity: the chemical structure of the phospholipids and the presence of cholesterol in the membrane.Fatty acids tails of phospholipids can be either saturated or...
Assembly of the Lipid Bilayer in the ER01:28

Assembly of the Lipid Bilayer in the ER

Biological membranes are more than just a barrier separating cell cytoplasm from the outside environment. They are highly dynamic and help maintain the integrity and physiological stability of the cells as well as membrane-bound organelles. Membranes also play vital roles in cell-to-cell and intracellular communication.
A large chunk of any biological membrane is composed of phospholipids. These lipids have a heterogeneous distribution across different subcellular organelles and even between...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Atomic Force Microscopy Imaging and Force Spectroscopy of Supported Lipid Bilayers
10:15

Atomic Force Microscopy Imaging and Force Spectroscopy of Supported Lipid Bilayers

Published on: July 22, 2015

Phase separation in lipid membranes.

Frederick A Heberle1, Gerald W Feigenson

  • 1Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Field of Biophysics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA.

Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology
|March 29, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Lipid mixtures can model cell membrane organization across various scales. Researchers found that controlling lipid composition precisely regulates the size of these membrane heterogeneities, including those relevant to cell membrane rafts.

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Phase Behavior of Charged Vesicles Under Symmetric and Asymmetric Solution Conditions Monitored with Fluorescence Microscopy
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Atomic Force Microscopy Imaging and Force Spectroscopy of Supported Lipid Bilayers
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Phase Behavior of Charged Vesicles Under Symmetric and Asymmetric Solution Conditions Monitored with Fluorescence Microscopy
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Phase Behavior of Charged Vesicles Under Symmetric and Asymmetric Solution Conditions Monitored with Fluorescence Microscopy

Published on: October 24, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Biophysics
  • Cell Biology
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Cell membranes exhibit complex behavior due to numerous interacting components.
  • Lateral organization of membrane components occurs across a wide range of spatial scales.
  • Understanding membrane organization is crucial for comprehending cellular functions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how lipid-only mixtures can model the lateral organization of cell membrane components.
  • To determine if lipid composition can control the size of compositional heterogeneities.
  • To explore the coexistence of liquid-disordered and liquid-ordered phases in relation to cell membrane rafts.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized lipid-only mixtures to model membrane organization.
  • Investigated mixtures including 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DSPC)/1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC)/1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC)/cholesterol and sphingomyelin (SM)/DOPC/POPC/cholesterol.
  • Analyzed the formation and characteristics of nanometer-scale domains.

Main Results:

  • Lipid-only mixtures successfully modeled membrane organization from approximately 2 nm up to microns.
  • The size of compositional heterogeneities was found to be entirely controllable by lipid composition.
  • Nanometer-scale domains of liquid-disordered and liquid-ordered phases were observed to coexist over a broad range of compositions, relevant to cell membrane rafts.

Conclusions:

  • Lipid composition is a key determinant of lateral organization and heterogeneity size in model cell membranes.
  • These findings provide a simplified yet effective model for studying complex membrane structures.
  • The study highlights the importance of lipid mixtures in understanding cell membrane raft formation and function.