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Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Left Atrial Ligation in the Avian Embryo as a Model for Altered Hemodynamic Loading During Early Vascular Development
Published on: June 16, 2023
Isolated left ventricular apical hypoplasia
Thomas E Vanhecke1, Jeffrey Decker, Nicholas Leonowicz
1Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, MI, USA. tvanhecke@gmail.com
Abstract:
Isolated left ventricular (LV) apical hypoplasia is a recently described congenital abnormality characterized by: (1) a truncated and spherical LV configuration with rightward bulging of the interventricular septum, (2) deficiency of the myocardium within the LV apex with adipose tissue infiltrating the apex, (3) origin of the papillary muscle in the flattened anterior apex, and (4) elongation of the right ventricle wrapping around the deficient LV apex. In this report, we demonstrate these characteristic features with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and summarize the existing information on isolated LV apical hypoplasia.
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