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Related Concept Videos

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the addition of a...
Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
General Transcription Factors01:30

General Transcription Factors

Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...
Transcription01:10

Transcription

Overview
Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. Additionally, many other proteins and regulatory sequences are involved in the proper synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA). Regulation of transcription is responsible for the differentiation of all the different types of cells and often for the proper cellular response to environmental signals.
Transcription Can Produce Different Kinds...
Transcription01:17

Transcription

Transcription is the synthesis of RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. Additionally, many other proteins and regulatory sequences are involved in correctly synthesizing messenger RNA (mRNA). Transcriptional regulation is responsible for the differentiation of different types of cells and often for the proper cellular response to environmental signals.
Transcription Can Produce Different Kinds of RNA Molecules
In eukaryotes,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Real-time Analysis of Transcription Factor Binding, Transcription, Translation, and Turnover to Display Global Events During Cellular Activation
12:54

Real-time Analysis of Transcription Factor Binding, Transcription, Translation, and Turnover to Display Global Events During Cellular Activation

Published on: March 7, 2018

Exploring transcription regulation through cell-to-cell variability.

Ruty Rinott1, Ariel Jaimovich, Nir Friedman

  • 1School of Computer Science and Engineering and Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|March 30, 2011
PubMed
Summary

This study characterizes gene expression variability as a phenotype in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Identifying proteins affecting global and local expression variability reveals insights into transcriptional regulation and cellular functions.

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Single-cell Gene Expression Profiling Using FACS and qPCR with Internal Standards

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Systems Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Cellular protein levels exhibit variability due to stochastic regulatory mechanisms.
  • Previous research linked gene transcription regulation perturbations to altered cell-to-cell variability.
  • A systematic characterization of expression variability as a phenotype was lacking.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify proteins influencing reporter gene expression variability in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
  • To develop computational methods for analyzing global and local expression variability.
  • To classify genes by their variability phenotype and link them to specific regulatory functions.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized single-cell expression levels of two fluorescent reporters under genetic perturbations.
  • Developed computational methodology to quantify perturbation-induced variability.
  • Distinguished between global (coordinated) and local (independent) variability effects.

Main Results:

  • Classified genes based on their impact on reporter variability, revealing functionally coherent groups.
  • Global variability perturbations correlated with protein synthesis, transport, and cell morphology.
  • Local variability perturbations were linked to DNA maintenance, chromatin regulation, and RNA synthesis.

Conclusions:

  • Variability phenotype is a useful tool for dissecting gene expression regulatory mechanisms.
  • Protein complex variability phenotypes offer insights into their cellular functions.
  • The study provides a framework for understanding the genetic basis of expression variability.