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Related Concept Videos

Hypertension I: Introduction01:28

Hypertension I: Introduction

Hypertension is a widespread, long-term medical condition where blood pressure in the arteries remains elevated. It is characterized by systolic blood pressure readings of 130 mm Hg or above or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) readings of 80 mm Hg or higher. Unmanaged hypertension poses significant health risks, making the distinction between primary (or essential) hypertension and secondary hypertension crucial, as their management and implications vary.Primary HypertensionPrimary hypertension,...
Hypertension II: Pathophysiology01:29

Hypertension II: Pathophysiology

Hypertension is a chronic condition in which the blood's force against artery walls is excessively high, posing risks such as heart disease. The condition's underlying mechanisms involve complex interactions among the cardiovascular, kidney, and autonomic nervous systems.Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS): This system significantly influences blood pressure regulation. When blood pressure decreases, the kidneys secrete renin. This enzyme transforms angiotensinogen, a plasma protein,...
Hypertension and Regulation of Blood Pressure01:18

Hypertension and Regulation of Blood Pressure

Hypertension, the most common cardiovascular disease, is diagnosed through repeated measurements of elevated blood pressure. Its risks, including damage to the kidney, heart, and brain, are directly proportional to blood pressure levels. Starting from 115/75 mm Hg, the risk of cardiovascular disease doubles with each increment of 20/10 mm Hg. The diagnosis relies on blood pressure measurements, not on patient symptoms, as hypertension is often asymptomatic until end-organ damage is imminent or...
Hypertension III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies01:30

Hypertension III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies

Hypertension is asymptomatic and also referred to as the "silent killer" until it progresses to a severe stage or causes target organ disease. Patients may experience symptoms stemming from the strain on blood vessels and tissues in various organs or the heart's increased workload.Physical exams might show no abnormalities other than high blood pressure. Signs of vascular damage, when present, correspond to the organs supplied by the affected vessels, leading to target organ damage. For...
Heart Failure Drugs: Inhibitors of Renin-Angiotensin System01:26

Heart Failure Drugs: Inhibitors of Renin-Angiotensin System

The activation of the sympathetic nervous system and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) contributes to cardiac remodeling, and inhibiting the RAAS is a pharmacological target in heart failure management. As a result, neurohumoral modulation is a crucial treatment principle for managing heart failure. This approach involves using medications like ACE inhibitors (ACEIs), angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), β-blockers, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs), and neutral...
Antihypertensive Drugs: Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers01:30

Antihypertensive Drugs: Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers

In the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, a hormone called angiotensin II plays a crucial role. It binds to the AT1 receptors in vascular smooth muscles coupled with Gq proteins. The activation of these receptors activates an enzyme called phospholipase C, which releases two molecules: inositol trisphosphate and diacylglycerol. These molecules cause a chain reaction that leads to the phosphorylation of myosin light chains and promotes interaction between actin and myosin, leading to smooth...

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Improved Renal Denervation Mitigated Hypertension Induced by Angiotensin II Infusion
08:35

Improved Renal Denervation Mitigated Hypertension Induced by Angiotensin II Infusion

Published on: May 26, 2022

Resistant systemic hypertension.

Bassam Al-Baba1

  • 1Department of Cardiology, Al Mowasat University Hospital, Damascus, Syria. bassambaba56@hotmail.com

Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine (Hagerstown, Md.)
|April 1, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Resistant hypertension, uncontrolled high blood pressure despite medication, is common. In the Middle East, licorice juice is a notable cause of treatment resistance.

Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Pharmacology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Resistant hypertension (RH) is defined as blood pressure (BP) remaining uncontrolled despite adherence to maximally tolerated doses of at least three antihypertensive medications, including a diuretic.
  • The exact prevalence of RH is unknown, but evidence suggests it is a common clinical issue.
  • Identifying and excluding factors contributing to true BP treatment resistance, such as NSAIDs and certain herbal preparations, is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the significance of identifying non-pharmacological contributors to resistant hypertension.
  • To emphasize the role of specific substances, like licorice juice, in exacerbating treatment-resistant hypertension.
  • To inform healthcare providers about potential hidden causes of uncontrolled BP in specific populations.

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Last Updated: Jun 3, 2026

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Improved Home Blood Pressure Control by CT-guided Ozone-mediated Renal Denervation for Patients with Resistant Hypertension
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Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical definitions and epidemiological evidence for resistant hypertension.
  • Analysis of factors contributing to treatment resistance, including medication adherence and lifestyle/dietary influences.
  • Case study or epidemiological data review from Middle Eastern countries regarding licorice consumption and its impact on BP.

Main Results:

  • Resistant hypertension affects a significant, though not precisely quantified, portion of the hypertensive population.
  • Exclusion of confounding factors like NSAIDs and certain herbal products is essential for accurate diagnosis and management of RH.
  • Licorice juice consumption has been identified as a specific and significant cause of resistant hypertension in Syria and other Middle Eastern regions.

Conclusions:

  • Effective management of resistant hypertension requires a comprehensive approach, including the identification and elimination of contributing factors.
  • Healthcare providers should consider dietary habits, such as licorice juice intake, when evaluating patients with difficult-to-control hypertension, particularly in endemic regions.
  • Further research is warranted to fully elucidate the prevalence and mechanisms of herbal product-induced resistant hypertension.