Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...

The Thyroid Gland

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Prevalence and Histologic Features of Multifocal Fibrosing Thyroiditis in the Routine Pathology Practice.

Endocrine pathology·2026

Same author

Comparing the quality of video and phone consultations in primary care telemedicine: a cross-sectional study of over 180,000 appointments.

BMC primary care·2026

Same author

OncoMimic peptide-based immunotherapy EO2401 induces shared T cell clusters in patients with adrenal cancer.

Communications medicine·2026

Same author

Cribriform morular thyroid carcinoma with EWSR1 gene rearrangement, TERT promoter mutation, and somatic variant of APC.

Virchows Archiv : an international journal of pathology·2026

Same author

How does AI perform compared to human expert panels in medical Delphi studies? A pilot study through the lens of pathology.

Journal of pathology informatics·2026

Same author

The European society of pathology progress test: towards a European external quality control tool for pathology education.

Virchows Archiv : an international journal of pathology·2026

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 3, 2026

An Orthotopic Mouse Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma

An Orthotopic Mouse Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma

Published on: April 17, 2013

Follicular thyroid carcinoma.

Manuel Sobrinho-Simões¹, Catarina Eloy, João Magalhães

¹Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal. ssimoes@ipatimup.pt

Modern Pathology : an Official Journal of the United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology, Inc

|April 2, 2011

Summary

Despite rising well-differentiated thyroid cancer rates, follicular thyroid carcinoma diagnoses are declining. This review explores evolving diagnostic criteria and challenges in classifying follicular thyroid tumors, including new uncertain potential categories.

More Related Videos

Spontaneous Murine Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer

Spontaneous Murine Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer

Published on: February 3, 2023

Transoral Endoscopic Thyroidectomy Vestibular Approach for Thyroid Lobectomy

Transoral Endoscopic Thyroidectomy Vestibular Approach for Thyroid Lobectomy

Published on: May 12, 2023

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 3, 2026

An Orthotopic Mouse Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma

An Orthotopic Mouse Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma

Published on: April 17, 2013

Spontaneous Murine Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer

Spontaneous Murine Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer

Published on: February 3, 2023

Transoral Endoscopic Thyroidectomy Vestibular Approach for Thyroid Lobectomy

Transoral Endoscopic Thyroidectomy Vestibular Approach for Thyroid Lobectomy

Published on: May 12, 2023

Area of Science:

Endocrinology
Oncology
Pathology

Background:

Follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC) incidence is decreasing, contrasting with the rising incidence of well-differentiated thyroid carcinomas.
Evolving diagnostic criteria in thyroid pathology may influence FTC diagnosis rates.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the reasons for the declining diagnosis of follicular thyroid carcinoma.
To discuss the evolution of diagnostic criteria for follicular thyroid tumors.
To examine the differential diagnosis and new classifications of follicular thyroid tumors.

Main Methods:

Review of morphological and immunohistochemical diagnostic criteria for follicular thyroid tumors.
Analysis of differential diagnoses including follicular adenoma, papillary carcinoma, and poorly differentiated carcinoma.
Discussion of newly described categories: follicular tumor of uncertain malignant potential, well-differentiated tumor of uncertain malignant potential, and well-differentiated carcinoma, not otherwise specified.
Review of molecular biomarkers for prognostic and therapeutic significance.

Main Results:

Diagnostic criteria for follicular thyroid tumors have evolved significantly.
New categories of follicular tumors with uncertain malignant potential present diagnostic challenges.
Molecular biomarkers show promise for improving prognostication and guiding therapy.

Conclusions:

Changes in diagnostic criteria are a key factor in the observed decrease in follicular thyroid carcinoma diagnoses.
Accurate classification of follicular thyroid tumors, including new categories, is crucial for patient management.
Molecular markers may refine the understanding and treatment of these tumors.