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Related Concept Videos

Cohesion01:07

Cohesion

Cohesion is the attraction between molecules of the same type, such as water molecules. Water molecules have an overall neutral charge but are polar molecule. An oxygen atom in one water molecule has a partial negative charge that can bind to a hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge in a second water molecule, forming a hydrogen bond. Each water molecule can form up to four hydrogen bonds with other water molecules. Hydrogen bonds are responsible for water's cohesive nature.
On a surface,...
Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
Conformations of Cyclohexane02:11

Conformations of Cyclohexane

Cyclohexane does not exist in a planar form due to the high angle and torsional strain it would experience in the planar structure. Instead, it adopts non-planar chair and boat conformations.
The chair form is the most stable and derives its name from its resemblance to the “easy chair.” In the chair conformation, two carbon atoms are arranged out-of-plane — one above and one below, minimizing the torsional strain. In the chair form, the bond angle is very close to the ideal tetrahedral value,...
Cycloalkanes02:28

Cycloalkanes

Cycloalkanes are saturated cyclic hydrocarbons with carbon atoms arranged in the form of rings. They have two fewer hydrogen atoms than the corresponding acyclic alkane; therefore, their general formula is CnH2n. The structural formulas of cycloalkanes are simplified using the line-angle representation. The regular polygons are used to represent the cycloalkane rings, with each side representing a carbon-carbon bond.
The IUPAC nomenclature of cycloalkanes follows similar rules that apply to...
Colloids03:22

Colloids

Children at play often make suspensions such as mixtures of mud and water, flour and water, or a suspension of solid pigments in water known as tempera paint. These suspensions are heterogeneous mixtures composed of relatively large particles that are visible to the naked eye or can be seen with a magnifying glass. They are cloudy, and the suspended particles settle out after mixing. On the other hand, a solution is a homogeneous mixture in which no settling occurs and in which the dissolved...
Vesicular Tubular Clusters01:45

Vesicular Tubular Clusters

After budding out from the ER membrane, some COPII vesicles lose their coat and fuse with one another to form larger vesicles and interconnected tubules called vesicular tubular clusters or VTCs. These clusters constitute a compartment at the ER-Golgi interface known as ERGIC (Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Intermediate Compartment). The ERGIC is a mobile membrane-bound cargo transport system that sorts proteins secreted from ER and delivers them to the Golgi.
With the help of motor proteins such...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Probing the Structure and Dynamics of Interfacial Water with Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Spectroscopy
10:28

Probing the Structure and Dynamics of Interfacial Water with Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Spectroscopy

Published on: May 27, 2018

Cyclic water clusters in tape-like and cage-like structures.

Qin Huang1, Lihong Diao, Chuang Zhang

  • 1College of Chemistry and Ecological Engineering, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning 530006, China. huangqinpeking@163.com

Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
|April 6, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Researchers synthesized novel cobalt (II) and copper (II) complexes using 2,2′-bipyridine (bpy) and benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylic acid (BTCA). These complexes form 3D cage-like networks stabilized by water clusters acting as supramolecular glue.

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Controlling the Size, Shape and Stability of Supramolecular Polymers in Water
16:24

Controlling the Size, Shape and Stability of Supramolecular Polymers in Water

Published on: August 2, 2012

Area of Science:

  • Coordination Chemistry
  • Supramolecular Chemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Metal-organic complexes offer versatile structures for advanced materials.
  • Hydrogen-bonding interactions are crucial for self-assembly in crystal engineering.
  • Water clusters can act as structure-directing agents in coordination compounds.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and characterize novel cobalt (II) and copper (II) complexes.
  • To investigate the role of water clusters in the formation of supramolecular networks.
  • To explore the structural diversity arising from varying ligand ratios.

Main Methods:

  • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction to determine complex structures.
  • Analysis of hydrogen-bonding networks and water cluster conformations.
  • Stoichiometric control of 2,2′-bipyridine and benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylic acid ligands.

Main Results:

  • Two distinct complexes, [Co(2,2′-bpy)₃]·(SO₄)·8.5H₂O (1) and [Cu₂(BTCA)(2,2′-bpy)₄](OH)·(2,2′-bpy)₀.₅·14H₂O (2), were synthesized.
  • Discrete lamellar water cluster conformations were identified as key structural motifs.
  • These water clusters mediate the aggregation of metal complexes into 3D cage-like networks via hydrogen-bonding.
  • Complex 1 exhibits a unique 3D negatively charged cage structure.

Conclusions:

  • The ratio of 2,2′-bipyridine to benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylic acid is critical in directing the formation of specific metal complexes.
  • Lamellar water clusters play a significant role as supramolecular linkers in constructing extended network architectures.
  • The findings highlight the potential for designing complex supramolecular structures with tunable properties through controlled synthesis.