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Acupoint Application Combined with Ear Plaster Therapy for Treating Sleep Disorders with Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

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High altitude pulmonary oedema.

D P Hall¹, K Duncan, J K Baillie

¹Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.

Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps

|April 7, 2011

Summary

High altitude pulmonary oedema (HAPE) is a significant risk for those ascending to great heights. Progressive acclimatisation is key to preventing HAPE, with incidence increasing with altitude.

Area of Science:

Altitude sickness
Pulmonary medicine
Epidemiology

Background:

High altitude pulmonary oedema (HAPE) is a leading cause of death in mountainous regions.
Accurate global incidence data for HAPE is limited due to remote case occurrences.
Disparities in diagnostic criteria hinder consistent clinical and research application.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the existing literature on HAPE incidence and epidemiology.
To consolidate understanding of HAPE risk factors and prevalence at varying altitudes.
To emphasize the importance of HAPE awareness, diagnosis, and prevention.

Main Methods:

Systematic literature review of HAPE incidence and epidemiology.
Analysis of reported HAPE cases across different altitudes.

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Last Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Acupoint Application Combined with Ear Plaster Therapy for Treating Sleep Disorders with Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

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A Large Animal Model for Pulmonary Hypertension and Right Ventricular Failure: Left Pulmonary Artery Ligation and Progressive Main Pulmonary Artery Banding in Sheep

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Synthesis of identified risk factors and pre-disposing elements.

Main Results:

HAPE incidence rises with altitude: 0.01% at 2500m, 1.9% at 3600m, and 2.5-5% at 4300m.
Key risk factors include rapid ascent, intense exercise, and attained altitude, alongside potential genetic susceptibility.
HAPE represents the extreme of a spectrum of altitude-induced pulmonary fluid accumulation.

Conclusions:

HAPE is a preventable condition, primarily through progressive acclimatisation.
Increased awareness and standardized diagnosis are crucial for high-altitude visitors.
Further research into HAPE epidemiology and genetics, potentially via databases like the International HAPE Database, is warranted.