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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Vision Training Methods for Sports Concussion Mitigation and Management

Vision Training Methods for Sports Concussion Mitigation and Management

Published on: May 5, 2015

Visual skills involved in decision making by expert referees.

Abdollah Ghasemi¹, Maryam Momeni, Ebrahim Jafarzadehpur

¹Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. a_gh_m2003@yahoo.com

Perceptual and Motor Skills

|April 7, 2011

Summary

Expert soccer referees with superior visual skills, including visual memory and reaction time, made better decisions. These visual abilities are crucial for referee performance and can be trained in aspiring officials.

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Published on: May 2, 2019

Area of Science:

Sports Science
Perception Psychology

Background:

Athlete visual skills are well-researched, but less is known about referees' visual performance.
Effective decision-making is critical for soccer referees' success.

Purpose of the Study:

To compare the visual skills of successful and unsuccessful expert soccer referees.
To identify specific visual abilities linked to superior referee decision-making.

Main Methods:

Assessed 41 national/international soccer referees (ages 31-42) using video match clips.
Selected 10 top-performing (Successful) and 10 lower-performing (Unsuccessful) referees.
Administered visual tests: memory, reaction time, peripheral vision, recognition speed, saccadic eye movement, accommodation facility.

Main Results:

The Successful group demonstrated significantly better visual skills across multiple domains compared to the Unsuccessful group.
Key differentiating visual skills included visual memory, reaction time, and recognition speed.

Conclusions:

Superior visual skills are associated with enhanced decision-making in expert soccer referees.
Targeted training of visual skills may improve the performance of young and developing referees.