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Urinary Tract Calculi VI: Surgical Management

Urinary Tract Calculi VI: Surgical Management

Procedures for Kidney StonesMedical intervention is necessary when kidney stones or renal calculi are too large to pass spontaneously (typically greater than 5 millimeters) when stones are accompanied by symptomatic infection (such as fever or pyelonephritis), when they impair kidney function, or when they cause persistent symptoms like severe pain, nausea, or urinary retention. Additionally, patients with only one kidney or those who cannot be treated with medical management also require...

Urologic Endoscopic Procedure: Cystoscopic Examination

Urologic Endoscopic Procedure: Cystoscopic Examination

Meaning of Cystoscopic Examination:Cystoscopy is an essential diagnostic tool in urology that is used to assess the structure and function of the genitourinary system. It provides a direct view of the urethra, bladder, and, in some cases, the ureteral openings. This procedure helps detect structural abnormalities, infections, cancers, and blockages in the urinary tract. There are two types of cystoscopy:Flexible cystoscopy is commonly performed in outpatient settings due to its less invasive...

Urethra

Urethra

The urethra is a hollowed tubular organ through which urine is expelled from the body. This structure extends from the bladder to the external opening, allowing urine to be released.
The anatomy of the urethra differs between males and females. In females, the urethra is short, measuring about 3–4 cm in length, and opens anterior to the vaginal opening. In males, the urethra is longer and passes through the penis, serving dual purposes: expelling urine and ejaculating semen. The male urethra is...

Ureters

Ureters

The ureters are retroperitoneal tubes located on either side of the vertebral column. They are responsible for transporting urine from each kidney to the urinary bladder. These tubes have thick walls and are approximately 25-30 cm long. Their diameter is around 10 mm at the renal pelvis, gradually narrowing to 1 mm as the ureter obliquely enters the posterior bladder wall through the ureteric orifices. The shape of these orifices is slit-like, which helps to prevent urine backflow toward the...

Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management

Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management

The diagnosis of renal calculi involves several imaging techniques, including non-contrast CT scans and ultrasound. These methods help visualize kidney stones, assess their size and location, and detect possible obstructions. Additionally, Measuring urine pH is useful for diagnosing specific stone types, such as struvite (alkaline pH) and uric acid stones (acidic pH). Cystine stones are primarily linked to cystinuria, a genetic condition. A urinalysis helps detect blood in the urine (hematuria)...

Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra

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The lower urinary system consists of the urinary bladder and urethra, which are essential in storing and expelling urine from the body. Together with the internal and external sphincters, these structures work together to regulate urination effectively.Anatomy of the BladderThe urinary bladder is a muscular, stretchable organ behind the pubic bone and in front of the rectum. In females, the bladder is positioned anterior to the vagina and inferior to the uterus, while in males, it is located...

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A Novel Surgical Technique in a Sheep Model for Suburethral Graft Implantation

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Published on: June 20, 2025

[Open urethral surgery in women].

S Tritschler¹, A Roosen, P J Bastian

¹Urologische Klinik und Poliklinik, Klinikum Großhadern der LMU München, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 München, Deutschland. stefan.tritschler@med.uni-muenchen.de

Der Urologe. Ausg. A

|April 8, 2011

Summary

Open urethral surgery is rarely needed for rare female urethral conditions like diverticula and strictures. This article reviews established treatments for urethral diverticula and discusses emerging options for urethral strictures.

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Area of Science:

Urology
Female Pelvic Medicine

Context:

Female urethral surgery is infrequently performed due to the rarity of conditions requiring it.
Urethral diverticula and urethral strictures are the primary indications for open surgical intervention in the female urethra.

Purpose:

To review established surgical treatments for female urethral diverticula.
To present recent advancements and proposed solutions for female urethral strictures.

Summary:

Open surgery for female urethral conditions, though rare, is crucial for maintaining patient quality of life.
Surgical management of urethral diverticula includes procedures like marsupialization and excision.
Currently, no definitive surgical therapy exists for female urethral strictures, prompting the exploration of novel approaches.

Impact:

Highlights the importance of surgical expertise in managing rare female urethral disorders.
Provides insights into current therapeutic standards and future directions for treating female urethral strictures.
Aims to improve the quality of life for patients affected by these uncommon urethral pathologies.