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Related Concept Videos

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder01:30

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. It affects approximately 5-8% of children globally, with around 60-70% of cases persisting into adulthood. ADHD has significant implications for educational attainment, social interactions, and occupational success.
Diagnostic Criteria and Symptoms
To diagnose ADHD, symptoms must manifest before age 12 and be evident across multiple settings.
Longitudinal Research02:20

Longitudinal Research

Sometimes we want to see how people change over time, as in studies of human development and lifespan. When we test the same group of individuals repeatedly over an extended period of time, we are conducting longitudinal research. Longitudinal research is a research design in which data-gathering is administered repeatedly over an extended period of time. For example, we may survey a group of individuals about their dietary habits at age 20, retest them a decade later at age 30, and then again...
Oppositional Defiant Disorder01:30

Oppositional Defiant Disorder

A persistent pattern of angry or irritable mood, defiant behavior, or vindictiveness characterizes Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD). Symptoms must occur over at least six months, involve interactions with individuals beyond siblings, and meet specific diagnostic criteria to be clinically significant. The disorder affects emotional regulation, social interactions, and behavior, often manifesting early in life and influencing long-term development and functioning.
Diagnostic Criteria and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Event Related Potentials (ERPs) and other EEG Based Methods for Extracting Biomarkers of Brain Dysfunction: Examples from Pediatric Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
10:02

Event Related Potentials (ERPs) and other EEG Based Methods for Extracting Biomarkers of Brain Dysfunction: Examples from Pediatric Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Published on: March 12, 2020

Relation between outcomes on a continuous performance test and ADHD symptoms over time.

Aaron J Vaughn1, Jeffery N Epstein, Joseph Rausch

  • 1Cincinnati Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA. aaron.vaughn@cchmc.org

Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology
|April 9, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) show persistent neuropsychological difficulties and ADHD symptoms, even with some improvement over time. No link was found between improvements in cognitive function and symptom reduction.

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Using Brain Activation (nir-HEG/Q-EEG) and Execution Measures (CPTs) in a ADHD Assessment Protocol

Published on: April 1, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Child Psychology
  • Developmental Psychology

Background:

  • Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder impacting children.
  • Neuropsychological functioning, particularly executive functions, is often impaired in individuals with ADHD.
  • Longitudinal studies are crucial for understanding the developmental course of ADHD and associated cognitive deficits.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between developmental trajectories of neuropsychological functioning and ADHD symptomatology in children.
  • To examine if improvements in frontally-mediated neuropsychological functions correlate with reductions in ADHD symptoms over time.
  • To provide insights into the persistence of ADHD and its impact on cognitive development.

Main Methods:

  • Longitudinal study utilizing data from the Multimodal Treatment Study for ADHD (MTA).
  • Sample included 534 children diagnosed with ADHD and 254 typically developing controls, aged 9 to 14.
  • Neuropsychological assessments and ADHD symptom ratings were collected and analyzed over time.

Main Results:

  • Children with ADHD showed persistent higher ratings of ADHD symptomatology compared to controls.
  • MTA participants exhibited greater difficulties across most neuropsychological outcomes throughout the study period.
  • No significant relationship was found between improvements in neuropsychological functioning and ADHD symptomatology over the observed timeframe.

Conclusions:

  • Findings support the persistence of both ADHD symptomatology and associated neuropsychological deficits into adolescence.
  • The hypothesized link between improved frontally-mediated functions and reduced ADHD symptoms was not supported, possibly due to study limitations.
  • Further research with longer follow-up periods and more comprehensive assessments is recommended to explore these complex relationships.