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Epistaxis

Epistaxis

Epistaxis, or nosebleeds, occurs when small, swollen blood vessels in the nasal mucous membrane rupture. Typically, the anterior septum is the primary site of occurrence.
Etiology
Possible causes of this condition include high blood pressure, trauma, low humidity, upper respiratory tract infections, allergies, foreign bodies, nasal inhalation of corticosteroids or illicit drugs, excessive use of decongestant nasal sprays, facial or nasal surgery, anatomic malformation, tumors, or systemic...

Disorders of Hemostasis

Disorders of Hemostasis

Hemostasis, the process that stops bleeding after a blood vessel injury, is crucial for maintaining the integrity of the circulatory system. However, disorders of hemostasis can disrupt this delicate balance, leading to either excessive clotting or bleeding. These disorders can be broadly classified into thromboembolic disorders and bleeding disorders.
Thromboembolic Disorders
Two factors primarily cause thromboembolic conditions.

Measurement of Blood Pressure

Measurement of Blood Pressure

Assessing blood pressure is a standard procedure executed in virtually all medical environments. The method utilized today was established over a hundred years ago by an innovative Russian doctor, Dr. Nikolai Korotkoff. The soft ticking noise, known as Korotkoff sounds, heard while taking blood pressure readings results from turbulent blood flow within the vessels. The apparatus required for this procedure includes a sphygmomanometer, a blood pressure cuff attached to a gauge, and a stethoscope.

Esophageal Varices-II: Clinical Features and Management

Esophageal Varices-II: Clinical Features and Management

Esophageal varices often manifest as gastrointestinal bleeding episodes, presenting symptoms like hematemesis (vomiting of blood), hematochezia (passing fresh blood via the rectum), and melena (black, tarry stools). Other signs can include weight loss, anorexia, abdominal discomfort, jaundice, pruritus, altered mental status, and muscle cramps.
In the initial assessment, a thorough review of the patient's medical history is vital to identify risk factors such as liver disease, alcohol abuse, or...

Esophageal Varices-I: Introduction

Esophageal Varices-I: Introduction

Esophageal varices are dilated, tortuous veins which are found mainly in the submucosa of the lower esophagus but which may also appear higher up or extend into the stomach. They develop due to increased pressure in the portal venous system, often as a result of liver cirrhosis. This condition scars and damages the liver, impeding normal blood flow through the portal vein. To compensate, blood seeks alternative pathways, forming fragile new vessels (varices) in the esophagus and stomach. These...

Alterations in Blood Pressure

Alterations in Blood Pressure

Alterations in blood pressure, such as hypertension (high blood pressure) and hypotension (low blood pressure), significantly affect human health. Understanding these conditions' classifications, causes, and symptoms is essential for effective management and treatment.
Hypertension (High blood pressure)
Hypertension occurs when blood pressure readings consistently exceed the normal range. It is diagnosed when systolic blood pressure (the top number, indicating pressure while the heart beats)...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Description of a Swine Infant Model of Volume-Controlled Hemorrhagic Shock

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Nosebleeds in children.

Gerald W McGarry¹

¹Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK.

BMJ Clinical Evidence

|April 12, 2011

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Recurrent nosebleeds in children are common, but treatments like antiseptic cream, petroleum jelly, and silver nitrate cautery show varying effectiveness and safety. Further research is needed for optimal management strategies.

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A Murine Model of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

A Murine Model of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Published on: November 21, 2013

Area of Science:

Pediatric Otolaryngology
Evidence-Based Medicine

Background:

Recurrent idiopathic epistaxis affects up to 9% of children.
Nosebleeds typically originate from the anterior nasal septum.
Many children resolve spontaneous nosebleeds with age.

Purpose of the Study:

To systematically review the effects of treatments for recurrent idiopathic epistaxis in children.
To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of available interventions.

Main Methods:

Systematic review of medical literature up to May 2010.
Inclusion of 5 randomized controlled trials (RCTs).
GRADE evaluation of evidence quality and inclusion of regulatory harms alerts.

Main Results:

Evidence quality for interventions was assessed using the GRADE system.
Data on antiseptic cream, petroleum jelly, and silver nitrate cautery were analyzed.

Conclusions:

The review presents information on the effectiveness and safety of specific treatments.
Findings guide clinical decision-making for pediatric recurrent epistaxis.