Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...
Metastasis02:30

Metastasis

Metastasis is the spread of cancer cells from the original site to distant locations in the body. Cancer cells can spread via blood vessels (hematogenous) as well as lymph vessels in the body.
Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition
The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition or EMT is a developmental process commonly observed in wound healing, embryogenesis, and cancer metastasis. EMT is induced by transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) or receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) ligands, which further...
Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...
The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Thyroid Nodule Guidelines.

Annals of surgery·2020
Same author

Hyperparathyroidism.

Surgical technology international·2017
Same author

Cost-effectiveness of active surveillance versus hemithyroidectomy for micropapillary thyroid cancer.

Surgery·2016
Same author

Frequency of High-Risk Characteristics Requiring Total Thyroidectomy for 1-4 cm Well-Differentiated Thyroid Cancer.

Thyroid : official journal of the American Thyroid Association·2016
Same author

Controversies in familial thyroid cancer 2014.

Ulusal cerrahi dergisi·2015
Same author

The underestimated risk of cancer in patients with multinodular goiters after a benign fine needle aspiration.

World journal of surgery·2014
Same journal

A Tale of Two Pathways: Same-Surgeon Versus Different-Surgeon Resection After Second Surgical Opinion.

Journal of surgical oncology·2026
Same journal

How I Do It: The Life and Work of a Rubber Band in Robotic Liver Parenchymal Transection.

Journal of surgical oncology·2026
Same journal

New Paradigms of Cancer Require New Language: A Qualitative Study Exploring Language for Non-Curative Non-Palliative Cancer Surgery.

Journal of surgical oncology·2026
Same journal

Performance of Survival Prediction Tools in Patients With Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Journal of surgical oncology·2026
Same journal

Prognostic Factors for Patients Under 45 Undergoing Surgery for Colorectal Liver Metastases: A SEER Population-Based Study.

Journal of surgical oncology·2026
Same journal

Prehabilitation Prior to Colorectal Cancer Surgery: Impact and Implementation.

Journal of surgical oncology·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Spontaneous Murine Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer
05:39

Spontaneous Murine Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer

Published on: February 3, 2023

Thyroid cancer and lymph node metastases.

Orlo H Clark1

  • 1Department of Surgery, Mt. Zion Medical Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94115, USA. orlo.clark@ucsfmedctr.org

Journal of Surgical Oncology
|April 12, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

For papillary thyroid cancer, macroscopic lymph node metastases increase recurrence and death rates, particularly in older patients. Microscopic metastases do not significantly impact survival, suggesting a selective neck dissection approach.

More Related Videos

Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Visualization in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Thyroid Cancer
03:55

Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Visualization in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Thyroid Cancer

Published on: June 9, 2023

Quantification of Tumor Cell Adhesion in Lymph Node Cryosections
06:09

Quantification of Tumor Cell Adhesion in Lymph Node Cryosections

Published on: February 9, 2020

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Spontaneous Murine Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer
05:39

Spontaneous Murine Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer

Published on: February 3, 2023

Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Visualization in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Thyroid Cancer
03:55

Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Visualization in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Thyroid Cancer

Published on: June 9, 2023

Quantification of Tumor Cell Adhesion in Lymph Node Cryosections
06:09

Quantification of Tumor Cell Adhesion in Lymph Node Cryosections

Published on: February 9, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Endocrinology
  • Surgical Oncology

Background:

  • Controversy exists regarding the prognostic significance of lymph node metastases in papillary thyroid cancer.
  • Debate continues on whether prophylactic or selective central (level VI) neck dissection is optimal for these patients.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the literature on the impact of lymph node metastases on papillary thyroid cancer outcomes.
  • To evaluate the role of prophylactic versus selective neck dissection in managing papillary thyroid cancer.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature review.
  • Analysis of studies reporting on lymph node metastases and patient survival in papillary thyroid cancer.

Main Results:

  • Macroscopic lymph node metastases correlate with higher recurrence and mortality rates, especially in patients aged 45 and older.
  • Microscopic nodal metastases do not appear to significantly affect patient survival.
  • Discrepancies exist regarding the benefit of prophylactic ipsilateral neck dissection on thyroglobulin levels.

Conclusions:

  • Preoperative ultrasonography is recommended.
  • A selective ipsilateral neck dissection is advised for patients with papillary thyroid cancer.
  • Further research is needed to clarify optimal surgical management strategies.