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Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the addition of a...

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

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Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
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Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

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Proteins can undergo many types of post-translational modifications, often in response to changes in their environment. These modifications play an important role in the function and stability of these proteins. Covalently linked molecules include functional groups, such as methyl, acetyl, and phosphate groups, and also small proteins, such as ubiquitin. There are around 200 different types of covalent regulators that have been identified.
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Covalently Linked Protein Regulators

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Proteins can undergo many types of post-translational modifications, often in response to changes in their environment. These modifications play an important role in the function and stability of these proteins. Covalently linked molecules include functional groups, such as methyl, acetyl, and phosphate groups, and also small proteins, such as ubiquitin. There are around 200 different types of covalent regulators that have been identified.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Development and Application of Rapamycin-regulated Tyrosine Phosphatases

Development and Application of Rapamycin-regulated Tyrosine Phosphatases

Published on: September 6, 2024

Post-translational modifications regulate signalling by Ror1.

M Kaucká¹, P Krejčí, K Plevová

¹Faculty of Science, Institute of Experimental Biology, Masaryk University, Kotlářská, Brno, Czech Republic.

Acta Physiologica (Oxford, England)

|April 13, 2011

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor (Ror1) undergoes glycosylation and ubiquitination, affecting its cell surface localization and signaling in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). These modifications vary significantly between CLL patients.

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Last Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Development and Application of Rapamycin-regulated Tyrosine Phosphatases

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Published on: September 6, 2024

Utilizing a Comprehensive Immunoprecipitation Enrichment System to Identify an Endogenous Post-translational Modification Profile for Target Proteins

Published on: January 8, 2018

Area of Science:

Biochemistry
Molecular Biology
Oncology

Background:

Receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor (Ror1) is a Wnt pathway receptor.
Ror1 is highly expressed in B cells from chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patients.

Purpose of the Study:

To analyze the post-translational modifications of Ror1.
To investigate the functional consequences of Ror1 modifications in CLL.

Main Methods:

Analyzed Ror1 glycosylation using glycosylation inhibitors and N-glycosidase in HEK293 and CLL cells.
Determined Ror1 ubiquitination via ubiquitination assays.
Assessed functional impacts through immunohistochemistry and cell surface protein analysis.

Main Results:

Demonstrated extensive N-linked glycosylation of Ror1, creating ~100, 130-kDa variants.
Inhibition of glycosylation disrupted cell surface Ror1 localization and filopodia formation.
Identified mono-ubiquitination of the 130-kDa Ror1 variant and significant glycosylation variability among CLL patients.

Conclusions:

Ror1 exhibits complex glycosylation and mono-ubiquitination.
These modifications regulate Ror1 localization and signaling.
Variability in Ror1 modifications suggests differential signaling in CLL patient subsets.