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Related Concept Videos

Alterations in Muscle Tone ll01:12

Alterations in Muscle Tone ll

Alterations in muscle tone are common manifestations of neurological disorders and reflect dysfunction within different nervous system regions. Spasticity, paratonia, and dystonia represent distinct forms of hypertonia, each with unique mechanisms, clinical features, and diagnostic importance.CharacteristicsSpasticity happens from upper motor neuron lesions and is characterized by velocity-dependent resistance to passive movement. Clinical features include:Exaggerated deep tendon reflexesClonus...
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Huntington disease or HD is a progressive, fatal neurodegenerative disorder inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern.PathophysiologyIt is caused by expansion of the CAG trinucleotide repeat in the HTT gene on chromosome 4 (4p16.3), producing an abnormal huntingtin protein with an expanded polyglutamine tract. This misfolded protein disrupts cellular function, leading to neuronal death. Normal alleles have ≤26 repeats, 27–35 are intermediate (risk of expansion), 36–39 show reduced penetrance,...
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Parkinson disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder primarily affecting movement, with additional non-motor features. Its pathophysiology involves complex interactions among genetic susceptibility, environmental exposures, and cellular dysfunction, including dopaminergic neuron loss, protein aggregation, and mitochondrial impairment.Selective NeurodegenerationA key feature is the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, leading to reduced...
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Neurodegenerative disorders are progressive diseases that cause irreversible damage and loss to neurons in specific brain areas. Examples of these disorders include Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Multiple Sclerosis (MS), and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). These disorders share characteristics such as proteinopathies, selective neuronal vulnerability, and a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors. The primary therapeutic goal for these conditions is to...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Generating Acute and Chronic Experimental Models of Motor Tic Expression in Rats
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Published on: May 27, 2021

Tourette syndrome: evolving concepts.

Joseph Jankovic1, Roger Kurlan

  • 1Parkinson's Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic, Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA. josephj@bcm.edu

Movement Disorders : Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society
|April 13, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Tourette syndrome is a neurodevelopmental disorder causing motor and vocal tics, often with co-occurring conditions. Research is ongoing to understand its causes and improve treatments for this complex disorder.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Genetics
  • Pediatrics

Background:

  • Tourette syndrome is a common childhood-onset neurobehavioral disorder.
  • Characterized by motor and phonic tics, often preceded by sensory urges.
  • Frequently co-occurs with ADHD, OCD, and impulse control disorders.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the current understanding of Tourette syndrome.
  • To highlight diagnostic features and associated conditions.
  • To review current and potential future therapeutic strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on Tourette syndrome.
  • Analysis of neuroimaging and genetic studies.
  • Evaluation of current symptomatic and behavioral treatments.

Main Results:

  • Tourette syndrome pathophysiology involves basal ganglia circuits and dopaminergic systems.
  • Genetic and environmental factors likely contribute, but causative genes remain elusive.
  • Current treatments include medications, botulinum toxin, deep brain stimulation, and behavioral therapies.

Conclusions:

  • Further research is needed to elucidate the complex pathophysiology of Tourette syndrome.
  • Improved understanding will facilitate the development of targeted therapies.
  • A combination of symptomatic and pathogenesis-targeted treatments is desirable.