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Related Concept Videos

Chickenpox01:20

Chickenpox

Chickenpox is an acute, highly contagious disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus (VZV), a double-stranded DNA virus belonging to the Herpesviridae family. Its transmission occurs primarily through the inhalation of respiratory droplets or direct contact with vesicular fluid from skin lesions. The incubation period typically ranges from 10 to 21 days, during which the virus replicates and disseminates through sequential phases within the host. Although generally self-limiting in children,...
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Smallpox

Smallpox is a severe contagious disease caused by the Variola major virus, a double-stranded DNA member of the Poxviridae family.Variola major transmission occurs primarily via inhalation of virus-laden droplets or direct contact with infectious scabs. The incubation period averages approximately seven days, although it may range from 7 to 17 days depending on the inoculum and host factors.Clinically, the prodromal phase is marked by an abrupt onset of high fever, malaise, headache, and myalgia.
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Poliomyelitis

Poliomyelitis is caused by poliovirus, a small, non-enveloped, positive-sense RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family and Enterovirus genus. Transmission occurs primarily via the fecal-oral route, often through ingestion of contaminated water or food. The virus initially replicates in the oropharynx and intestinal mucosa, particularly in lymphoid tissues such as the tonsils, Peyer’s patches, and regional lymph nodes. Primary viremia follows, allowing dissemination throughout the body.In most...
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever01:26

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF) is a severe tick-borne illness caused by Rickettsia rickettsii, a Gram-negative, coccobacillary bacterium. This pathogen is an obligate intracellular parasite, requiring a host cell for replication. Transmission occurs through the bite of an infected tick. In the United States, the most important vectors are Dermacentor variabilis (American dog tick) and Dermacentor andersoni (Rocky Mountain wood tick), though other tick species may also serve as vectors.
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Diphtheria

Diphtheria is an acute, toxin-mediated infectious disease that primarily affects the upper respiratory tract. It is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, a Gram-positive, pleomorphic rod that lacks spore-forming capability and exhibits a characteristic club-shaped morphology under microscopic examination. While C. diphtheriae can asymptomatically colonize mucosal surfaces, clinical disease manifests only when the bacterial strain is lysogenized by a specific β-corynephage. This phage...
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Genital herpes is a sexually transmitted infection primarily caused by herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), though herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is increasingly implicated in genital infections, particularly among younger populations. Transmission occurs mainly through sexual contact, with asymptomatic viral shedding serving as a major route of spread. This characteristic makes HSV-2 difficult to control at a population level, as individuals may unknowingly transmit the virus even in the...

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Vaccinia Reporter Viruses for Quantifying Viral Function at All Stages of Gene Expression
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Vaccinia Reporter Viruses for Quantifying Viral Function at All Stages of Gene Expression

Published on: May 15, 2014

Chickenpox.

Judith Breuer1, Helen Fifer

  • 1Research Department of Infection, University College London, London, UK.

BMJ Clinical Evidence
|April 14, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This systematic review examines interventions for preventing and treating chickenpox (varicella-zoster virus). It found evidence on vaccines and antiviral medications for various patient groups.

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Area of Science:

  • Virology and Immunology
  • Public Health and Epidemiology
  • Evidence-Based Medicine

Background:

  • Chickenpox (varicella-zoster virus) is highly contagious, with over 90% of unvaccinated individuals contracting the infection.
  • Age of infection varies globally, with earlier onset in developed nations (e.g., US, UK, Japan by age 10) and later onset in regions like India and Southeast Asia (by ages 20-30).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review the effectiveness and safety of interventions for preventing chickenpox in healthy and immunocompromised individuals, including children exposed prenatally.
  • To evaluate treatments for chickenpox in both healthy and immunocompromised patient populations.
  • To answer specific clinical questions regarding chickenpox prevention and treatment efficacy.

Main Methods:

  • Conducted a systematic literature review up to June 2010, searching major databases (Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library).
  • Included 11 systematic reviews, randomized controlled trials (RCTs), and observational studies meeting inclusion criteria.
  • Incorporated safety data from regulatory agencies like the US FDA and UK MHRA.

Main Results:

  • Identified and evaluated evidence for various interventions, including antiviral medications and vaccines.
  • Performed a GRADE evaluation to assess the quality of evidence for different preventive and treatment strategies.
  • Included studies focusing on diverse populations: healthy adults and children, immunocompromised individuals, and prenatal exposures.

Conclusions:

  • The review presents findings on the effectiveness and safety of key interventions for chickenpox.
  • Specific interventions discussed include aciclovir, famciclovir, live attenuated vaccine, valaciclovir, and varicella zoster immunoglobulin.
  • Provides evidence-based information to guide clinical decisions in chickenpox management.