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Related Concept Videos

Muscles for Facial Expressions01:14

Muscles for Facial Expressions

The craniofacial muscles are a collection of approximately 20 thin skeletal muscles situated beneath the skin of the face and scalp. These muscles, primarily responsible for the vast array of human facial expressions, originate from the bones or fibrous structures of the skull and extend outwards to connect with the skin. While most skeletal muscles in the body are enveloped in thick fascia, facial muscles generally have a more delicate fascial covering, with the buccinator muscle being a...
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During embryogenesis, cells become progressively committed to different fates through a two-step process: specification followed by determination. Specification is demonstrated by removing a segment of an early embryo, “neutrally” culturing the tissue in vitro—for example, in a petri dish with simple medium—and then observing the derivatives. If the cultured region gives rise to cell types that it would normally generate in the embryo, this means that it is specified. In contrast, determination...
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Neurulation is the embryological process which forms the precursors of the central nervous system and occurs after gastrulation has established the three primary cell layers of the embryo: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. In humans, the majority of this system is formed via primary neurulation, in which the central portion of the ectoderm—originally appearing as a flat sheet of cells—folds upwards and inwards, sealing off to form a hollow neural tube. As development proceeds, the anterior...
Notch Signaling Pathway03:14

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The Notch signaling pathway is a major intracellular signaling pathway that is highly conserved over a broad spectrum of metazoan species. It stands unique from other intracellular signaling mechanisms in animals because notch protein itself acts as the receptor as well as the primary signaling molecule.
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Notch Signaling Pathway03:14

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Integrins act both as extracellular input receivers and as intracellular processing activators. As their name suggests, integrins are entirely integrated into the membrane structure. Their hydrophobic membrane-spanning regions interact with the phospholipid bilayer's hydrophobic region. These membrane receptors provide extracellular attachment sites for effectors like hormones and growth factors. They activate intracellular response cascades when their effectors are bound and active.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Isolation of Whole Cell Protein Lysates from Mouse Facial Processes and Cultured Palatal Mesenchyme Cells for Phosphoprotein Analysis
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Ret signalling integrates a craniofacial muscle module during development.

Robert D Knight1, Katharina Mebus, Arturo d'Angelo

  • 1MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK. robert.knight@kcl.ac.uk

Development (Cambridge, England)
|April 15, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Ret tyrosine kinase signaling specifically regulates the development of zebrafish head muscles. This pathway controls opercular muscle formation, crucial for jaw function and gill cover development.

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Published on: January 30, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Developmental biology
  • Molecular genetics
  • Neurobiology

Background:

  • Muscle organization is vital for function, but developmental coordination of related muscles remains unclear.
  • Understanding how specific muscle groups develop is essential for addressing congenital disorders.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of Ret tyrosine kinase signaling in the development of functionally related head muscles in zebrafish.
  • To determine if Ret signaling specifically influences the formation of opercular muscles.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized zebrafish models with genetic modifications affecting Ret pathway genes (gfra3, artemin2, ret).
  • Analyzed myogenic gene expression in developing opercular and adjacent muscles.
  • Examined skeletal structure and muscle morphology in mutant zebrafish.

Main Results:

  • Ret signaling components (gfra3, artemin2, ret) are specifically required for opercular muscle development.
  • Loss of Ret signaling reduced myogenic gene expression and opercular muscle size, without affecting adjacent muscles.
  • Zebrafish lacking Ret or Gfra3 function exhibited underdeveloped opercular muscles and closed mouths.

Conclusions:

  • Ret signaling regulates head muscle development in a modular fashion.
  • The specificity of Ret signaling is achieved by restricting its function to a subset of muscle precursors.
  • This study reveals a novel mechanism for targeted muscle development in the head.