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Related Concept Videos

Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver. The...
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During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R stands for...
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Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by infection with hepatotropic viruses, most commonly hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Despite variations in structure and transmission, all viruses mentioned infect hepatocytes and provoke immune responses that can hinder liver function. Additionally, some non-hepatotropic viruses can also lead to hepatic inflammation.Hepatitis A VirusHepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, typically by ingestion of food...
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RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
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Viral Mutations

A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material for adaptive...

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A Protocol for Analyzing Hepatitis C Virus Replication
13:04

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Published on: June 26, 2014

Analysis of synonymous codon usage in hepatitis A virus.

Yiqiang Zhang1, Yongsheng Liu, Wenqian Liu

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, Gansu, China.

Virology Journal
|April 19, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Hepatitis A virus (HAV) exhibits high codon usage bias, influenced by mutation pressure and base composition, differing significantly across geographic locations. This pattern is more pronounced than in other Picornaviridae viruses.

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Hepatitis A virus (HAV) causes acute viral hepatitis.
  • Limited data exists on synonymous codon usage patterns in HAV evolution.
  • This study investigates genetic determinants of codon usage in HAV.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the synonymous codon usage patterns in the Hepatitis A virus genome.
  • To identify the key genetic factors influencing codon usage bias in HAV.
  • To compare codon usage bias in HAV with other members of the Picornaviridae family.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of synonymous codon usage patterns in HAV genomes.
  • Investigation of base composition and its correlation with codon usage bias.
  • Determination of the relative contributions of mutation pressure and natural selection.

Main Results:

  • HAV displays a high extent of codon usage bias within the Picornaviridae family.
  • Synonymous codon usage patterns vary significantly among HAV genomes from different locations.
  • Base composition strongly correlates with codon usage bias; mutation pressure is the primary determinant.

Conclusions:

  • HAV exhibits higher codon usage bias compared to other Picornaviridae.
  • Compositional constraints significantly influence synonymous codon usage variation in HAV.
  • Mutation pressure is identified as the major factor shaping HAV's codon usage patterns.