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Alterations in Muscle Tone ll01:12

Alterations in Muscle Tone ll

Alterations in muscle tone are common manifestations of neurological disorders and reflect dysfunction within different nervous system regions. Spasticity, paratonia, and dystonia represent distinct forms of hypertonia, each with unique mechanisms, clinical features, and diagnostic importance.CharacteristicsSpasticity happens from upper motor neuron lesions and is characterized by velocity-dependent resistance to passive movement. Clinical features include:Exaggerated deep tendon reflexesClonus...
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Neurodegenerative disorders are progressive diseases that cause irreversible damage and loss to neurons in specific brain areas. Examples of these disorders include Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Multiple Sclerosis (MS), and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). These disorders share characteristics such as proteinopathies, selective neuronal vulnerability, and a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors. The primary therapeutic goal for these conditions is to...
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The clinical conditions affecting the skeletal muscle tissue are broadly categorized as musculoskeletal and neuromuscular disorders.
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Musculoskeletal disorders involve injuries and conditions affecting the skeletal muscles and associated connective tissues. These disorders can arise from acute biomechanical stresses or chronic overuse and can occur across different age groups. Common injuries include sprains, fractures, and muscular strains, often resulting from...
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Parkinson’s disease is a chronic, progressive neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects movement. It is characterized by motor symptoms such as resting tremors, muscle rigidity, bradykinesia (slowness of movement), and postural instability. Patients may notice hand tremors at rest, stiffness during movement, or a shuffling gait. In addition to motor features, non-motor symptoms include sleep disturbances, mood and behavioral changes, constipation, and cognitive impairment, all of which...
Alterations in Muscle Tone lll01:11

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Paroxysmal choreodystonic disorders.

Young H Sohn1, P H Lee

  • 1Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea. yhsohn62@yuhs.ac

Handbook of Clinical Neurology
|April 19, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Paroxysmal dyskinesias are movement disorders with recurrent involuntary movements. This review covers paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia, nonkinesigenic dyskinesia, and exertion-induced dyskinesia.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Movement Disorders

Background:

  • Paroxysmal dyskinesias encompass diverse movement disorders with recurrent involuntary movements.
  • These disorders are classified into four types based on triggers, duration, and cause: PKD, PNKD, PED, and PHD.
  • Paroxysmal hypnogenic dyskinesia (PHD) is recognized as a form of mesial frontal-lobe epilepsy, also termed autosomal-dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy (ANDFLE).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the clinical, etiological, and pathophysiological features of paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia (PKD).
  • To review the clinical, etiological, and pathophysiological features of paroxysmal nonkinesigenic dyskinesia (PNKD).
  • To review the clinical, etiological, and pathophysiological features of paroxysmal exertion-induced dyskinesia (PED).

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of clinical studies.
  • Analysis of etiological factors.
  • Review of pathophysiological mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • Paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia (PKD) attacks are brief and triggered by sudden voluntary movements.
  • Paroxysmal nonkinesigenic dyskinesia (PNKD) attacks occur spontaneously.
  • Paroxysmal exertion-induced dyskinesia (PED) attacks are induced by prolonged exercise.

Conclusions:

  • The review provides a comprehensive overview of PKD, PNKD, and PED.
  • Understanding the distinct features of these paroxysmal dyskinesias is crucial for diagnosis and management.
  • Further research into the specific pathophysiological mechanisms of PKD, PNKD, and PED is warranted.